Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

20.2K
Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
20.2K
The Thoracic Cage: Sternum01:17

The Thoracic Cage: Sternum

8.5K
The thoracic or rib cage forms the body's thorax (chest) portion. Its primary function in the body is to protect vital organs in the thoracic cavity, such as the heart and the lungs. It consists of 12 pairs of ribs with their costal cartilages and the sternum. The ribs are anchored posteriorly to the 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12).
The sternum is the elongated bony structure on the anterior side of the thoracic cage. It consists of three parts: the manubrium, the body, and the xiphoid...
8.5K
The Thoracic Cage: Ribs01:20

The Thoracic Cage: Ribs

9.3K
Ribs are curved, flattened bones forming the thoracic cavity wall with the thoracic muscles. There are 12 pairs of thoracic ribs. The posterior ends of all the ribs articulate with the T1–T12 thoracic vertebrae. In contrast,the anterior ends of most ribs attach to the sternum via their costal cartilages.
Parts of a Typical Rib
A typical rib has a head, neck, and body. The posterior end of the rib is called the head, followed by a narrow neck. The head articulates primarily with the costal...
9.3K
Acid Halides to Esters: Alcoholysis01:12

Acid Halides to Esters: Alcoholysis

4.1K
Alcoholysis is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which an alcohol functions as a nucleophile. Acid halides react with alcohol to produce esters. The mechanism proceeds in three steps:
4.1K
Intramolecular Claisen Condensation of Dicarboxylic Esters: Dieckmann Cyclization01:13

Intramolecular Claisen Condensation of Dicarboxylic Esters: Dieckmann Cyclization

3.4K
Dieckmann cyclization is an intramolecular Claisen condensation of diesters. The reaction occurs in the presence of a base and generates a cyclic β-ketoester as the final product. Commonly, 1, 6 and 1, 7-diesters are preferred substrates for the reaction since the generated five, and six-membered cyclic β-keto esters are particularly more stable.
3.4K
Mass Spectrometry: Alkyl Halide Fragmentation01:22

Mass Spectrometry: Alkyl Halide Fragmentation

1.6K
Chlorine isotopes exist as 35Cl and 37Cl in a 3:1 ratio, while bromine isotopes exist as 79Br and 81Br in a 1:1 ratio. The mass spectrum of alkyl halides typically produces two distinct molecular ion peaks, the molecular ion peak, [M], and the molecular ion plus two, [M + 2] peak. The relative heights of these two peaks are proportional to the isotopic abundance ratios of the halide. For example, 2‐chloropropane and 1‐bromopropane display two peaks with relative peak heights in a 3:1 and...
1.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Bidentate bis(NHC-carboxylate) palladium and nickel complexes for the hydrosilylative reduction of carbonyl compounds.

RSC advances·2026
Same author

Water-soluble silver nanoparticles stabilized by amino acid-derived N-heterocyclic carbenes: synthesis, properties and theoretical study of the nucleation process.

Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)·2026
Same author

Switching Coordinator: An SDN Application for Flexible QKD Networks.

Entropy (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Regioselective Syntheses of Bis(indazolyl)methane Isomers: Controlling Kinetics and Thermodynamics via Tunable Non-Innocent Amines.

ACS omega·2025
Same author

Annular lesions in childhood: A narrative review.

Archives de pediatrie : organe officiel de la Societe francaise de pediatrie·2025
Same author

⁠Reversible C─H Insertion in Bulky Unsaturated NHCs: A Carbon-Based Analogue of Oxidative Addition/Reductive Elimination.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Chemical Vapor Deposition of an Organic Magnet, Vanadium Tetracyanoethylene
08:25

Chemical Vapor Deposition of an Organic Magnet, Vanadium Tetracyanoethylene

Published on: July 3, 2015

12.1K

Halide encapsulation by dicarboxylate oxido-vanadium cage complexes.

Margarita Gómez1, Antonio Pastor, Eleuterio Álvarez

  • 1Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Sevilla, Aptdo. 1203, 41071 Sevilla, Spain. anpastor@us.es galindo@us.es.

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)
|January 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New polyoxovanadate complexes featuring encapsulated halide ions were synthesized and characterized. DFT calculations revealed the stabilizing template effect of these ions on the cage structures.

More Related Videos

Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model
11:10

Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model

Published on: May 23, 2018

12.5K
Facile Synthesis of Colloidal Lead Halide Perovskite Nanoplatelets via Ligand-Assisted Reprecipitation
04:14

Facile Synthesis of Colloidal Lead Halide Perovskite Nanoplatelets via Ligand-Assisted Reprecipitation

Published on: October 1, 2019

13.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Chemical Vapor Deposition of an Organic Magnet, Vanadium Tetracyanoethylene
08:25

Chemical Vapor Deposition of an Organic Magnet, Vanadium Tetracyanoethylene

Published on: July 3, 2015

12.1K
Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model
11:10

Atomic Layer Deposition of Vanadium Dioxide and a Temperature-dependent Optical Model

Published on: May 23, 2018

12.5K
Facile Synthesis of Colloidal Lead Halide Perovskite Nanoplatelets via Ligand-Assisted Reprecipitation
04:14

Facile Synthesis of Colloidal Lead Halide Perovskite Nanoplatelets via Ligand-Assisted Reprecipitation

Published on: October 1, 2019

13.6K

Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Computational Chemistry

Background:

  • Polyoxovanadates are a versatile class of inorganic compounds with diverse structures and properties.
  • Encapsulation of guest species within polyoxometalate cages can significantly influence their stability and reactivity.
  • Understanding the factors that govern cage formation and stability is crucial for designing new functional materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize and characterize novel polyoxovanadate complexes with encapsulated halide anions.
  • To investigate the structural and electronic properties of these complexes using a combination of experimental and computational methods.
  • To elucidate the role of encapsulated halide ions in stabilizing the polyoxovanadate framework.

Main Methods:

  • Stepwise synthesis of polyoxovanadate complexes using [Bu4N]VO3, HCl/HF, and dicarboxylic acids.
  • Comprehensive characterization using multinuclear magnetic resonance (1H, 13C, 35Cl, 19F, 51V), electrochemical studies, X-ray diffraction (single crystal and powder), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA).
  • Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to analyze electronic structure, bonding, and stabilization effects.

Main Results:

  • Three new polyoxovanadate complexes, [Bu4N]2[V8O16(oda)4⊂2Cl] (1), [Bu4N]2[V8O16(glut)4⊂2Cl] (2), and [Bu4N][V4O8(glut)2⊂F] (3), were successfully synthesized and structurally characterized.
  • The size of the encapsulated halide ions (Cl- or F-) dictates the shape and dimensions of the polyoxovanadate cage.
  • DFT calculations confirmed the stabilizing template effect of chloride ions on the bowl-shaped [V4O8(OOCR)4] fragment and fluoride ions on the planar {V4O8} moiety.
  • Electrochemical studies explored the potential oxidation of encapsulated chloride ions, but a chlorine molecule did not stabilize the polyoxovanadate cage.

Conclusions:

  • The synthesis of novel polyoxovanadate complexes with encapsulated halide ions has been achieved.
  • Halide ions play a critical role as stabilizing templates, influencing the formation and stability of specific polyoxovanadate architectures.
  • The findings provide valuable insights into the structure-property relationships of polyoxovanadates and their potential for further functionalization.