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Related Concept Videos

Entropy02:39

Entropy

36.6K
Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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Entropy01:18

Entropy

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The first law of thermodynamics is quantitatively formulated via an equation relating the internal energy of a system, the heat exchanged by it, and the work done on it. A quantitative formulation of the second law of thermodynamics leads to defining a state function, the entropy.
When an ideal gas expands isothermally, the disorder in the gas increases. From the molecular perspective, the gas molecules have more volume to move around in.
Consider an infinitesimal step in the expansion, which...
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Solution Formation02:16

Solution Formation

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There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
This selective...
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Standard Entropy Change for a Reaction03:00

Standard Entropy Change for a Reaction

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Entropy is a state function, so the standard entropy change for a chemical reaction (ΔS°rxn) can be calculated from the difference in standard entropy between the products and the reactants.
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The Evidence for Evolution02:55

The Evidence for Evolution

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Genetic variations accumulating within populations over generations give rise to biological evolution. Evolutionary changes can result in the formation of novel varieties and entire new species. These changes are responsible for the diverse forms of life inhabiting the planet. The evidence for evolution suggests that all living organisms descended from common ancestors.
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Generation of Three-Phase Voltage01:21

Generation of Three-Phase Voltage

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A three-phase AC generator has a rotor with a rotating magnet placed within the stator mounted with the stationary three-phase winding to generate three-phase voltages via mutual induction. These windings are evenly distributed around the inner circumference of the stator and are arranged 120 electrical degrees apart. Three-phase stator windings consist of three separate coils or groups of coils, known as phases, each connected in Y (star) configuration or Delta configuration.
As the rotor...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

An Available Technique for Preparation of New Cast MnCuNiFeZnAl Alloy with Superior Damping Capacity and High Service Temperature
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Microstructural Evolution and Phase Formation in 2nd-Generation Refractory-Based High Entropy Alloys.

Eyal Eshed1, Natalya Larianovsky2, Alexey Kovalevsky3

  • 1Israel Institute of Metals, Haifa 3200003, Israel. eyale@trdf.technion.ac.il.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|January 24, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Second-generation refractory high entropy alloys (HEAs) show microstructural changes with heat treatment. Zirconium segregation occurs at higher temperatures, a phenomenon not fully captured by current thermodynamic models.

Keywords:
high-entropyintermetallic phaserefractorysolid solutionthermodynamics

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Metallurgy
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Second-generation refractory high entropy alloys (HEAs) are advanced materials for demanding high-temperature structural applications.
  • Understanding their microstructural evolution and phase formation under thermal stress is critical for optimizing performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the microstructural evolution and phase formation in refractory HEAs after casting and heat treatment.
  • To compare experimental findings with thermodynamic modeling predictions.

Main Methods:

  • Microstructural analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS).
  • Phase identification using X-ray diffraction (XRD).
  • Thermodynamic modeling via the Calculation of Phase Diagrams (CALPHAD) method.

Main Results:

  • Observed a trend of zirconium (Zr) segregation as temperature increased.
  • Other elements dissolved into the body-centered cubic (BCC) solid solution phase upon Laves phase decomposition.
  • SEM results confirmed CALPHAD predictions of increasing chromium (Cr) in the BCC A2 solid solution with temperature.

Conclusions:

  • The study reveals key microstructural changes in refractory HEAs during thermal processing.
  • CALPHAD modeling accurately predicted some phase behaviors but failed to capture non-equilibrium Zr segregation.