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Caspase, a family of cysteine proteases, serve as effectors in apoptosis. The ced3 gene in C.elegans was first identified to be involved in apoptosis. This gene encodes the ced-3 caspase that is similar to the interleukin-1-beta converting enzyme or ICE in mammals. In addition to apoptosis, caspases also function in the inflammatory response. Inflammatory caspases are essential in activating pro-inflammatory cytokines that recruit immune cells and block the replication of pathogens inside...
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Drugs can be classified according to their chemical composition or their intended therapeutic application. For instance, anti-infective agents that possess the ability to eliminate pathogens or suppress their growth and reproduction can be grouped based on the organisms they target or their chemical structure. Furthermore, drugs can be divided into prescription, nonprescription, or controlled substances. Prescription medications, such as antibiotics, require oversight from a licensed healthcare...
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Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are produced by B cells in response to foreign substances, such as bacteria and viruses. These proteins are critical for recognizing and neutralizing these substances, protecting the body from potential harm.
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Thiazide diuretics are sulfonamide derivatives featuring a benzothiadiazine ring system in their molecular structure. Based on this structure, thiazide diuretics can be categorized into two groups: thiazide-type and thiazide-like diuretics. Thiazide-type diuretics, including hydrochlorothiazide and chlorothiazide, consist of a benzothiadiazine backbone with an attached sulfonamide group. Thiazide-like diuretics, such as chlorthalidone and indapamide, lack the thiazide ring but demonstrate...
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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

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All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis
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A caspase-2-RFXANK interaction and its implication for MHC class II expression.

Jeremy Forsberg1, Xinge Li1,2, Birce Akpinar1

  • 1Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.

Cell Death & Disease
|January 25, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers identified regulatory factor X-associated ankyrin-containing protein (RFXANK) as a novel caspase-2 interacting factor. This interaction suggests a non-apoptotic role for caspase-2 in regulating MHC class II gene expression.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Caspase-2, an apoptotic caspase, has an incompletely defined function.
  • Understanding caspase-2 interactions is crucial for clarifying its roles beyond apoptosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify novel proteins interacting with caspase-2.
  • To investigate the functional implications of caspase-2 interactions, particularly in non-apoptotic contexts.
  • To explore the role of caspase-2 in MHC class II gene regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening using full-length caspase-2 as bait.
  • Co-immunoprecipitation assays to confirm protein interactions.
  • Cellular co-localization studies using fluorescently tagged proteins.
  • Analysis of MHC class II expression in genetically modified cells and mice.

Main Results:

  • Identified regulatory factor X-associated ankyrin-containing protein (RFXANK) as a novel caspase-2 interacting partner.
  • Confirmed caspase-2 and RFXANK interaction in the cytoplasm via co-immunoprecipitation.
  • Observed enhanced caspase-2 processing in RFXANK-overexpressing cells upon chemotherapy treatment.
  • Demonstrated increased total MHC class II protein levels in caspase-2-silenced cells and tissues.

Conclusions:

  • RFXANK is a novel interacting factor for caspase-2.
  • Caspase-2 may play a non-apoptotic role in the regulation of MHC class II gene expression.