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Related Concept Videos

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails01:05

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails

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Nails are one of the important accessory structures of the skin. They are hard, protective structures that cover the dorsal surface of the distal phalanges of fingers and toes. Nails are composed of specialized keratinized cells and serve various functions, including protection, sensation, and manual dexterity.
The main components of a nail include the following.
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Pulse01:16

Pulse

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When the heart pumps blood out, arterial elastic fibers play a crucial role in sustaining a high-pressure gradient. They expand to accommodate the received blood and then recoil - a process known as the pulse that can be either manually palpated or electronically quantified. Despite a reduction in its effect with increased distance from the heart, elements of the pulse's systolic and diastolic components persist, observable even at the arteriole level.
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The pulse is one of the most fundamental physiological indicators of the body's cardiovascular health. It is the rhythmic expansion and contraction of the arterial walls in response to the pressure generated by the heart's pumping action.
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A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
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Pulse Oximetry01:24

Pulse Oximetry

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Pulse oximetry, or SpO2, is a non-invasive method for continuously monitoring arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). This procedure involves attaching a probe or sensor to the patient's fingertip, forehead, earlobe, or nose bridge. The sensor works by detecting changes in oxygen saturation levels through light signals generated by the oximeter and reflected by the pulsing blood under the probe.
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Average SpO2 values are greater than 95%. If the readings fall below 90%, it indicates that...
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Regulation of Pulse01:20

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Pulse regulation involves physiological mechanisms that ensure adequate blood flow throughout the body. The heartbeat, regulated by the autonomic nervous system, is influenced by hormonal balance, physical activity, and emotional state.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

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Nail psoriasis treated with pulsed dye laser.

Juliano Peruzzo1, Gabriela Czarnobay Garbin2, Gabriela Maldonado2

  • 1Graduate Program in Surgery - School of Medicine at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul - Porto Alegre (RS), Brazil.

Anais Brasileiros De Dermatologia
|January 25, 2018
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Summary

Pulsed dye laser therapy significantly improved nail psoriasis symptoms, offering an effective alternative for patients resistant to traditional treatments. This study evaluated laser efficacy and its impact on patient quality of life.

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Laser Therapy

Background:

  • Nail psoriasis affects approximately 50% of psoriasis patients.
  • Nail psoriasis is often resistant to conventional therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of pulsed dye laser (PDL) for nail psoriasis.
  • To assess the impact of PDL treatment on the quality of life in patients with nail psoriasis.

Main Methods:

  • Fourteen patients with nail psoriasis received monthly PDL sessions for three months.
  • Treatment outcomes were assessed using the Nail Psoriasis Severity Index (NAPSI).

Main Results:

  • A median improvement of 44.2% in overall NAPSI scores was observed (P = 0.002).
  • Significant improvements were noted in nail bed NAPSI (50%, P = 0.033) and nail matrix NAPSI (65.1%, P = 0.024).

Conclusions:

  • Pulsed dye laser therapy demonstrates significant efficacy in treating nail psoriasis.
  • PDL offers a promising alternative for managing refractory nail psoriasis and improving patient quality of life.