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Anatomy of the Intestines01:23

Anatomy of the Intestines

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Although digestion of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids may begin in the stomach, it is completed in the intestine. The absorption of nutrients, water, and electrolytes from food and drink also occurs in the intestine. The intestines can be divided into two structurally distinct organs—the small and large intestines.
Small Intestines
The small intestine is an ~7 meter-long tube with an inner diameter of just 2.5 cm. Since most nutrients are absorbed here, the inner lining of the...
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Small Intestine01:15

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The small intestine is primarily responsible for digestion and nutrient absorption. It spans from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve and connects to the large intestine.
The small intestine is divided into three main sections - the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum. The duodenum, approximately 25 cm long, is nearest the stomach. It acts as a 'mixing bowl,' where chyme (partially digested food) blends with digestive enzymes from the pancreas and liver. The duodenum's unique...
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Large Intestine01:09

Large Intestine

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The large intestine is divided into three main regions: the cecum, colon, and rectum. Extending from the ileocecal valve to the anus, it frames the small intestine on three sides.
The ileocecal sphincter, a mucous membrane fold, guards the opening from the ileum to the large intestine. This valve permits material from the small intestine to pass into the large intestine. Attached to the ileocecal valve is the cecum. This small pouch, approximately 6 cm long, has a twisted, coiled tube known as...
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Histology of the Large Intestine01:26

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The large intestine, a vital component of the gastrointestinal tract, is structured with four main layers: the mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa. Each layer performs a distinct role in facilitating the smooth functioning of the large intestine.
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Histology of the Small Intestine01:27

Histology of the Small Intestine

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The small intestine exhibits a unique histological structure that significantly enhances its function in digestion and nutrient absorption. These structures include circular folds, villi, and various specialized cells that collectively facilitate the digestion of food.
The intestinal lining features transverse folds called circular folds, each housing fingerlike projections known as intestinal villi. These villi are covered by a layer of simple columnar epithelium, also referred to as...
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Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine01:29

Bacterial Flora of the Large Intestine

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The gut microbiome is formed by a vast and diverse community of bacteria that colonizes our large intestine. These bacteria start residing in the gut from birth and continue diversifying throughout life, influenced by factors such as diet, lifestyle, and stress. The gut bacterial community also includes bacteria from food and those that enter the colon through the anus.
The normal gut flora of the colon plays a critical role in generating essential vitamins such as vitamins K, B5, and B7.
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Investigating Intestinal Inflammation in DSS-induced Model of IBD
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Intestinal parasites: Associations with intestinal and systemic inflammation.

G A Zavala1,2, O P García1, M Camacho1

  • 1Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Querétaro, Mexico.

Parasite Immunology
|January 25, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Intestinal parasitic infections in children were linked to gut inflammation, not systemic inflammation. Multiple infections correlated with higher leptin levels, a marker of obesity and inflammation.

Keywords:
cytokineshelminthsintestinal inflammationintestinal parasitesleptinprotozoasystemic inflammation

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric infectious diseases
  • Gastroenterology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Childhood obesity is a growing concern, often associated with chronic inflammation.
  • Intestinal parasitic infections are prevalent in school-aged children and can impact health.
  • The interplay between parasitic infections, gut inflammation, and systemic inflammation in obese children requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between intestinal parasitic infections and markers of intestinal and systemic inflammation in obese school-aged children.
  • To determine if specific parasites or multiple infections influence inflammatory markers.
  • To explore the relationship between parasitic infections and leptin levels in this population.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study of 291 obese children aged 6-10 years.
  • Stool examinations for intestinal parasitic infections (helminths and protozoa).
  • Measurement of plasma C-Reactive Protein (CRP), leptin, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, and stool leukocytes.
  • Logistic regression analysis adjusted for covariates.

Main Results:

  • Prevalence of soil-transmitted helminths was 12% and intestinal protozoa was 36%.
  • Parasitic infections were not associated with systemic inflammation markers (CRP, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α).
  • Infections with Ascaris lumbricoides and Entamoeba coli were linked to higher stool leukocytes (intestinal inflammation).
  • Multiple parasitic infections were associated with higher leptin concentrations.

Conclusions:

  • Intestinal parasitic infections are associated with intestinal inflammation, but not systemic inflammation, in obese children.
  • Specific parasites like Ascaris lumbricoides and Entamoeba coli contribute to gut inflammation.
  • Multiple infections may influence leptin levels, potentially exacerbating obesity-related metabolic changes.