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Sedatives are drugs that alleviate anxiety, while hypnotics induce sleep. Both classes of medication suppress neuronal activity, leading to a calming effect for sedatives and facilitating sleep for hypnotics.
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Melatonin congeners like ramelteon (Rozerem) and tasimelteon (Hetlioz) selectively bind to melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2) and thus mimic the actions of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles. Tasimelteon is primarily used for non-24-hour sleep-wake disorder, common in blind patients. They are also used to treat conditions like insomnia...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

A Personalized 3D-Printed Model for Preoperative Evaluation in Thyroid Surgery
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Clonidine as a preoperative sedative.

Robert G Henry1, Ted P Raybould2, Kelli Romond3

  • 1Chief of Dental Services, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, Kentucky and Associate Professor, College of Dentistry of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.

Special Care in Dentistry : Official Publication of the American Association of Hospital Dentists, the Academy of Dentistry for the Handicapped, and the American Society for Geriatric Dentistry
|January 25, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Oral clonidine may benefit anxious patients with high blood pressure and heart rate before surgery. However, the optimal dose for reducing sedation needs and anxiety is still unknown.

Keywords:
fear and anxietyoral ­medicinesedation

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Area of Science:

  • Anesthesiology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Preoperative anxiety and hypertension are common in surgical patients.
  • Moderate sedation is frequently used, but adjuncts to reduce sedative requirements and improve patient comfort are sought.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate oral clonidine as a preoperative sedative agent before parenteral moderate sedation.
  • To assess the efficacy and safety of oral clonidine in reducing sedative drug requirements and providing anxiolysis.

Main Methods:

  • An initial dose-finding phase involved four patients receiving 0.2 mg oral clonidine, adjusted to 0.1 mg due to hypotension.
  • A subsequent phase included 19 patients receiving 0.1 mg oral clonidine preoperatively.
  • Blood pressure was monitored, and the amount of sedative agents used was compared to a control group (N=80).

Main Results:

  • A decrease in blood pressure was observed in patients receiving oral clonidine.
  • No significant difference in the amount of sedative agents needed was found between the clonidine and control groups.
  • Clonidine administration led to significant drops in blood pressure in initial patients.

Conclusions:

  • Oral clonidine may offer advantages for anxious patients with hypertension and tachycardia.
  • The ideal preoperative dose of clonidine to reduce sedative drug needs and provide anxiolysis remains undetermined.
  • Further research exploring various clonidine dosages is recommended to optimize its use for hemodynamic protection and reduced sedation.