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Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

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Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production, insulin resistance, or both. The condition affects millions worldwide and can significantly impact their health and quality of life.
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Pathophysiology of Diabetes01:20

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Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia. The four categories of diabetes are type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, other specific types of diabetes, and gestational diabetes.
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Diabetes: Management and Pharmacotherapy01:15

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The therapy for diabetes aims to alleviate hyperglycemia-related symptoms, prevent acute metabolic decompensation, and reduce chronic end-organ complications. Glycemic control is evaluated through short-term (self-monitoring, continuous glucose monitoring) and long-term (A1c, fructosamine) metrics, enabling near real-time tracking of blood glucose levels and reflecting glycemic control over specific time frames.
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Psychoneuroimmunology: Diabetes and Cancer01:19

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Chronic stress has been linked to both the onset and progression of serious health conditions, including Type 2 diabetes and cancer. Type 2 diabetes, a widespread chronic illness, is closely associated with obesity and insulin resistance, both of which often worsen under stress. Studies indicate that men experiencing high levels of chronic stress face a 45% higher risk of developing diabetes compared to those with minimal stress. Stress triggers physiological responses that elevate blood...
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meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

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All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for...
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Author Spotlight: Advancing Diabetes Research with Static Exercise Training in Mice
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Incretins: Beyond type 2 diabetes.

Paresh Dandona1, Husam Ghanim1, Ajay Chaudhuri1

  • 1Diabetes-Endocrinology Center of Western NY, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York.

Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism
|January 25, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Incretins like GLP-1 receptor agonists offer benefits beyond type 2 diabetes, including weight loss and cardio-protection. Research is exploring their expanded therapeutic potential for various conditions.

Keywords:
cardiovascular diseasediabetic nephropathyincretinstype 1 diabetesweight control

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Pharmacology
  • Metabolic Diseases

Background:

  • Incretins, such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors, are standard treatments for type 2 diabetes.
  • Their full clinical potential may extend beyond glycemic control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review novel discoveries in incretin pathophysiology and pharmacology.
  • To explore emerging clinical applications of incretins beyond type 2 diabetes treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent scientific publications.
  • Analysis of preclinical and clinical studies on incretin agents.
  • Synthesis of data on incretin effects on weight, blood pressure, inflammation, and organ protection.

Main Results:

  • GLP-1 receptor agonists show promise for inducing weight loss and reducing blood pressure.
  • Evidence suggests anti-inflammatory, nephroprotective, and cardioprotective effects of incretins.
  • Investigational studies are assessing incretin utility in type 1 diabetes.

Conclusions:

  • Incretin-based therapies have a broader therapeutic scope than initially recognized.
  • Further research into incretin pharmacology may unlock significant clinical benefits for diverse patient populations.
  • Expanded applications of incretins could revolutionize treatment paradigms in metabolic and cardiovascular diseases.