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Related Concept Videos

Classifying Matter by Composition03:35

Classifying Matter by Composition

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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures. 
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In electrical engineering, a lossless transmission line is characterized by a purely imaginary propagation constant and a resistive characteristic impedance. The ABCD parameters, which describe the relationship between the input and output voltages and currents, indicate an equivalent π circuit with an imaginary series impedance and a shunt admittance. This results in a transmission line that, when the product of the phase constant (beta) and the length of the line is less than pi, exhibits...
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Transmission-line series resistance and shunt conductance cause three primary effects: attenuation, distortion, and power losses.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Measuring the Structure, Composition, and Change of Underwater Environments with Large-area Imaging
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An end to linings under posterior composites?

Igor R Blum, Nairn H F Wilson

    Journal of the American Dental Association (1939)
    |January 26, 2018
    PubMed
    Summary

    Dentists can generally omit linings under direct posterior composite restorations. Evidence suggests linings are unnecessary unless cavities are deep and require therapeutic intervention.

    Area of Science:

    • Dentistry
    • Dental Materials Science

    Background:

    • Uncertainty exists regarding the necessity and type of lining materials for direct posterior composite restorations.
    • This article reviews evidence on lining placement under posterior composites of varying depths.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the evidence for and against using linings under direct posterior composite restorations.
    • To identify indications and contraindications for various lining materials in posterior composite restorations.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of existing scientific literature and clinical evidence.
    • Analysis of studies considering composite restoration depth and lining material efficacy.

    Main Results:

    • Current evidence does not support routine lining use under direct, bonded posterior composites.
    Keywords:
    Lininglining materialsposterior composites

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  • Linings may be beneficial only in deep cavities for specific therapeutic reasons.

    • Conclusions:

    • Posterior composites can be placed without linings, except for therapeutic purposes, with no negative impact on outcomes.
    • Omitting linings may improve clinical performance and save chairside time.