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Related Concept Videos

Attribution Theory00:56

Attribution Theory

13.8K
Behavior is a product of both the situation (e.g., cultural influences, social roles, and the presence of bystanders) and of the person (e.g., personality characteristics). Subfields of psychology tend to focus on one influence or behavior over others. Situationism is the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings. In contrast, dispositionism holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors (Heider, 1958).
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Fundamental Attribution Error01:14

Fundamental Attribution Error

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According to some social psychologists, people tend to overemphasize internal factors as explanations—or attributions—for the behavior of other people. They tend to assume that the behavior of another person is a trait of that person, and to underestimate the power of the situation on the behavior of others. They tend to fail to recognize when the behavior of another is due to situational variables, and thus to the person’s state. This erroneous assumption is...
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Attribution01:26

Attribution

307
In social interactions, individuals frequently seek to understand the motivations and causes behind others' behaviors. This fundamental aspect of social perception, known as attribution, plays a crucial role in shaping interpersonal relationships and guiding future actions. Attribution refers to the cognitive process through which people infer the reasons behind others' behaviors, allowing them to assess character traits, intentions, and situational influences.Attribution Theory and Its...
307
Personal Choice and Fate Attributions01:19

Personal Choice and Fate Attributions

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Some individuals interpret life events as a consequence of their personal choices and actions, while others believe that outcomes are dictated by fate or destiny. This divergence in perspective has been examined in psychological and cross-cultural studies, particularly in relation to religious faith and cultural beliefs about causality.Fate and Personal ResponsibilityPeople who emphasize personal responsibility view events as direct consequences of their decisions. For instance, breaking a leg...
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Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype01:31

Adrenergic Receptors: ɑ Subtype

3.0K
Adrenoceptors are classified into α and ꞵ classes based on their potencies to catecholamine agonists. α-adrenoceptors show the following order of catecholamine potency:
Adrenaline ≥ Noradrenaline >> Isoprenaline
α-adrenoceptors are further divided into α1 and α2-adrenoceptors.
α1-Adrenoceptors: These receptors are located postsynaptically on the effector organs and cause constriction of smooth muscle mediated by activation of phospholipase...
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Adrenergic Receptors: β Subtype01:26

Adrenergic Receptors: β Subtype

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β-adrenoceptors have varied sensitivities towards adrenaline, noradrenaline, and isoprenaline. The order of agonist potency is as follows:
Isoprenaline > Adrenaline > Noradrenaline
Neurotransmitter binding to these receptors causes activation of adenylyl cyclase resulting in increased concentrations of cAMP and modulation of calcium ion channels within the cell. They are further classified into β1, β2, and β3 subtypes.
β1-adrenoceptors: β1-adrenoceptors...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Combination of Adhesive-tape-based Sampling and Fluorescence in situ Hybridization for Rapid Detection of Salmonella on Fresh Produce
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New paradigms for Salmonella source attribution based on microbial subtyping.

Lapo Mughini-Gras1, Eelco Franz2, Wilfrid van Pelt2

  • 1National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Infectious Disease Control (CIb), Bilthoven, The Netherlands; Utrecht University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Food Microbiology
|January 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Salmonella source attribution methods are evolving beyond traditional typing. New approaches using genotyping, case-control data, and non-food sources like reptiles offer a more holistic understanding of pathogen epidemiology.

Keywords:
Case-control studyMLVAReptilesSalmonellosisSource attribution

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Epidemiology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Microbial subtyping is crucial for Salmonella source attribution, commonly using frequency-matching models with phenotyping data.
  • Traditional methods include serotyping, phage-typing, and antimicrobial resistance profiling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review major paradigms in Salmonella source attribution.
  • To explore the integration of genotyping, case-control data, and non-food sources.
  • To identify novel modeling options for improved Salmonella epidemiology understanding.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current Salmonella source attribution paradigms.
  • Discussion of Multi-Locus Variable Number of Tandem Repeats Analysis (MLVA) and population genetics models.
  • Integration of case-control data and investigation of non-food sources (e.g., reptiles).

Main Results:

  • Genotyping data, particularly MLVA, is increasingly replacing traditional Salmonella phenotyping.
  • Integrating case-control data enhances risk factor identification for salmonellosis.
  • Including non-food sources provides a more comprehensive understanding of Salmonella epidemiology.

Conclusions:

  • Novel modeling options are needed as whole-genome sequencing becomes standard.
  • Enhanced source attribution improves understanding of Salmonella epidemiology beyond food sources.
  • A holistic approach is essential for effectively tackling Salmonella.