Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 15, 2026

A Rapidly Incremented Tethered-Swimming Maximal Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Assessment of Swimmers
Published on: January 28, 2020
Quantifying humeral retrotorsion in young swimmers and association with swim volume
Fernanda A P Habechian1, Ana Letícia Lozana2, Paula R Camargo2
1Laboratory of Analysis and Intervention of the Shoulder Complex, Department of Physical Therapy, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil; Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Catholic University of Maule, Talca, Chile.
Objectives:
To compare the humeral retrotorsion (HRT) among non-athletes, amateur swimmers and competitive swimmers and to analyze the relationship between HRT and swim volume in competitive swimmers.
Design:
Cross-sectional.
Setting:
Laboratory.
Participants:
Ninety children and adolescents, both genders (30 non-athletes: 11.50 ± 1.94 years; 30 amateur swimmers: 11.56 ± 1.81 years; and 30 competitive swimmers: 12.63 ± 2.02 years).
Main Outcome Measures:
HRT measurement through the bicipital forearm angle (BFA), by palpation, using an inclinometer to obtain the angle.
Results:
Competitive swimmers showed lower BFA (higher HRT) compared to the amateurs (mean difference: 8.3°; p = 0.013; effect size: 0.82) and to the non-athletes (mean difference: 8.5°; p = 0.010; effect size: 0.80). A significant fair negative relationship (r = -0.37; p = 0.04) was found between BFA and volume of swim.
Conclusion:
Competitive young swimmers present increased HRT and a higher volume of swim is associated with a lower BFA (higher HRT) in these athletes. These results can help to improve the understanding of osseous adaptations in young swimmers.
Related Concept Videos
Quantifying Work
Associative Learning
Classical conditioning, also known...
Association Areas of the Cortex
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Constant Volume Calorimetry
Volume of Distribution
Problem Solving: Volume

