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Related Concept Videos

Protein Folding01:22

Protein Folding

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Protein Folding01:25

Protein Folding

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Proteins are chains of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. Upon synthesis, a protein folds into a three-dimensional conformation, critical to its biological function. Interactions between its constituent amino acids guide protein folding, and hence the protein structure is primarily dependent on its amino acid sequence.
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Molecular Chaperones and Protein Folding03:00

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The native conformation of a protein is formed by interactions between the side chains of its constituent amino acids. When the amino acids cannot form these interactions, the protein cannot fold by itself and needs chaperones. Notably, chaperones do not relay any additional information required for the folding of polypeptides; the native conformation of a protein is determined solely by its amino acid sequence. Chaperones catalyze protein folding without being a part of the folded protein.
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Association Areas of the Cortex01:21

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Association areas are regions of the cerebral cortex that do not have a specific sensory or motor function. Instead, they integrate and interpret information from various sources to enable higher cognitive processes such as memory, learning, and decision-making. Some key association areas include the following:
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Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

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The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Live Imaging of Primary Cerebral Cortex Cells Using a 2D Culture System
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How Cells Fold the Cerebral Cortex.

Víctor Borrell1

  • 1Instituto de Neurociencias, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan d'Alacant 03550, Spain vborrell@umh.es.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|January 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Cerebral cortex folding is complex and predetermined, not simple tissue crumpling. Specific progenitor cells, cellular processes, and genetic programs are crucial for this developmental process.

Keywords:
OSVZPax6basal Radial Gliaferretneurogenesisprimate

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Developmental Biology
  • Biophysics

Background:

  • Cortical folding, or gyrification, is a defining feature of mammalian brains.
  • The mechanisms driving cortical folding remain incompletely understood.
  • While biomechanics is implicated, the precise interplay of factors is debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the complex developmental processes underlying cerebral cortex folding.
  • To integrate theoretical modeling with experimental evidence on cortical development.
  • To highlight the roles of cellular and genetic factors in gyrification.

Main Methods:

  • Review of theoretical modeling approaches to cortical folding.
  • Analysis of experimental evidence implicating progenitor cells and genetic programs.
  • Synthesis of findings from diverse research methodologies.

Main Results:

  • Cortical folding is a developmentally programmed process, not merely passive crumpling.
  • Specific progenitor cell populations and their behaviors are critical.
  • Genetic programs significantly influence the patterns of cortical folding.
  • Biomechanical forces play a role, but are modulated by cellular and genetic factors.

Conclusions:

  • Cerebral cortex folding is a multifaceted process involving coordinated cellular and genetic mechanisms.
  • Understanding these mechanisms is key to comprehending brain development and evolution.
  • Future research should integrate biomechanical, cellular, and genetic perspectives.