Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Self-Help Support Groups01:28

Self-Help Support Groups

369
Self-help support groups are voluntary, community-based organizations that provide a platform for individuals with shared concerns to exchange support, insights, and practical strategies for coping with life challenges. Typically led by group members or paraprofessionals, these groups form a cornerstone of mental health care, especially in reaching populations that are underserved by traditional healthcare systems.
Accessibility and Cost-Effectiveness
One of the primary strengths of self-help...
369
Expressing Solution Concentration02:48

Expressing Solution Concentration

70.8K
A solute is a component of a solution that is typically present at a much lower concentration than the solvent. Solute concentrations are often described with qualitative terms such as dilute (of relatively low concentration) and concentrated (of relatively high concentration).
Concentrations may be quantitatively assessed using a wide variety of measurement units, each convenient for particular applications. Molarity (M) is a useful concentration unit for many applications in chemistry.
70.8K
Ideal Solutions02:24

Ideal Solutions

22.7K
According to Raoult’s law, the partial vapor pressure of a solvent in a solution is equal or identical to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution. However, Raoult's Law is only valid for ideal solutions. For a solution to be ideal, the solvent-solute interaction must be just as strong as a solvent-solvent or solute-solute interaction. This suggests that both the solute and the solvent would use the same amount of energy to escape to the...
22.7K
Support Reactions01:30

Support Reactions

1.5K
A coplanar force system refers to a set of forces that all lie in the same plane and are subject to different reactions between the point of contact and the supports. Understanding how different types of supports affect coplanar forces is crucial for designing safe and reliable structures that can withstand external loads.
The purpose of the supports is to prevent the translational motion of the system by applying an equal and opposite force and to prevent the system's rotation by applying...
1.5K
Physical Principles Governing Gas Exchange01:16

Physical Principles Governing Gas Exchange

4.0K
Gas behavior plays a vital role in understanding bodily processes such as external and internal respiration. External respiration involves the diffusion of oxygen into the blood and carbon dioxide out of it in the lungs. In contrast, internal respiration happens in body tissues, where these gases move in opposite directions.
Gas Laws Governing Respiration
The behavior of gases is guided by Dalton's Law of partial pressures and Henry's Law.
Dalton's Law asserts that the total...
4.0K
General Properties of Solutions02:12

General Properties of Solutions

36.2K
Many common substances around us exist as a solution, such as ocean water, air, and gasoline. All solutions are mixtures of substances that are composed of varying amounts of two or more types of atoms or molecules. A mixture with a non-uniform composition is a heterogeneous mixture, whereas a mixture with a uniform composition is a homogeneous mixture. The components that make the homogeneous mixture are evenly spread out and thoroughly mixed. 
36.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Tracking the Track-and-Trace: two waves of cigarette pack surveys on tax administration in Pakistan.

Tobacco control·2026
Same author

Estimating the Size of Illicit Cigarette Trade and Tax Evasion in Zambia: Results from the Empty Pack Survey Method.

Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco·2025
Same author

Differential effects of tobacco taxation across educational groups: evidence from Poland.

Tobacco control·2025
Same author

The impact of the GST reform on state-level tobacco use prevalence in India.

Tobacco control·2025
Same author

The illicit cigarette market in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC): Findings from a cross-sectional study of empty cigarette packs.

PLOS global public health·2025
Same author

Evaluating compliance with track and trace and other regulations in Pakistan's cigarette market.

Tobacco control·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Synthesis and Testing of Supported Pt-Cu Solid Solution Nanoparticle Catalysts for Propane Dehydrogenation
10:19

Synthesis and Testing of Supported Pt-Cu Solid Solution Nanoparticle Catalysts for Propane Dehydrogenation

Published on: July 18, 2017

12.6K

Why governments cannot afford Codentify to support their track and trace solutions.

Hana Ross1, Michael Eads2, Michael Yates3

  • 1Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.

Tobacco Control
|January 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Codentify track and trace (T&T) is ineffective for detecting illicit tobacco products. Material-based T&T solutions offer superior detection rates with significantly fewer inspections required.

Keywords:
codentifyillicit trade protocoltrack and trade

More Related Videos

Three-Dimensional Finger Motion Tracking during Needling: A Solution for the Kinematic Analysis of Acupuncture Manipulation
08:27

Three-Dimensional Finger Motion Tracking during Needling: A Solution for the Kinematic Analysis of Acupuncture Manipulation

Published on: October 28, 2021

3.3K
Combined In Vivo Anatomical and Functional Tracing of Ventral Tegmental Area Glutamate Terminals in the Hippocampus
09:36

Combined In Vivo Anatomical and Functional Tracing of Ventral Tegmental Area Glutamate Terminals in the Hippocampus

Published on: September 9, 2020

4.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Synthesis and Testing of Supported Pt-Cu Solid Solution Nanoparticle Catalysts for Propane Dehydrogenation
10:19

Synthesis and Testing of Supported Pt-Cu Solid Solution Nanoparticle Catalysts for Propane Dehydrogenation

Published on: July 18, 2017

12.6K
Three-Dimensional Finger Motion Tracking during Needling: A Solution for the Kinematic Analysis of Acupuncture Manipulation
08:27

Three-Dimensional Finger Motion Tracking during Needling: A Solution for the Kinematic Analysis of Acupuncture Manipulation

Published on: October 28, 2021

3.3K
Combined In Vivo Anatomical and Functional Tracing of Ventral Tegmental Area Glutamate Terminals in the Hippocampus
09:36

Combined In Vivo Anatomical and Functional Tracing of Ventral Tegmental Area Glutamate Terminals in the Hippocampus

Published on: September 9, 2020

4.3K

Area of Science:

  • Forensic Science
  • Public Health Policy
  • Supply Chain Security

Background:

  • Growing demand for track and trace (T&T) solutions for tobacco products.
  • Anticipation of the Protocol to Eliminate Illicit Trade in Tobacco Products (ITP) entering into force.
  • Need to evaluate the efficacy of different T&T systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Contrast the efficacy of Codentify with material-based multilayered security technologies for tobacco product authentication.
  • Assess the probability of detecting fraudulent tobacco packs under Codentify.
  • Evaluate compliance with ITP requirements for T&T systems.

Main Methods:

  • Modified Bernoulli trial experiment with independent repeated sampling without replenishment.
  • Calculation of detection probability using a multinomial distribution formula.
  • Comparison of inspection rates required for different T&T solutions.

Main Results:

  • Codentify requires inspecting over 27,000-31,000 packs weekly for 90%-95% certainty of detecting fraud.
  • Material-based T&T solutions require only 45-59 pack inspections weekly for the same certainty.
  • Codentify demonstrates significantly lower efficacy compared to material-based solutions.

Conclusions:

  • Codentify is inefficient for tracking and tracing tobacco products.
  • Material-based security features offer a more effective T&T solution.
  • ITP signatories should reject Codentify due to low efficacy and potential violation of ITP regulations.