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Related Concept Videos

Pharmaceutical Equivalents01:26

Pharmaceutical Equivalents

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As defined by regulatory standards, pharmaceutical equivalents require generic drug products to have identical dosage forms and chemically identical active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). They must adhere to compendial or applicable standards for potency, content uniformity, disintegration times, and dissolution rates. In the case of modified-release dosage forms, variations in drug content are permissible as long as the delivered amount remains consistent with the innovator drug product.
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Multiple capacitors can be connected in a circuit in series or parallel configuration. When the capacitor combination is connected to a battery, the potential drop across each capacitor and the magnitude of charge stored in the individual capacitor depends on the type of the connection. The capacitor combination is replaced by a single equivalent capacitor that stores the same amount of charge as the combination for a given potential difference.
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From the study of resistive circuits, it is understood that employing a series-parallel combination serves as an effective strategy for simplifying circuits. Capacitors can be arranged within a circuit in one of two ways: a series configuration or a parallel configuration. The way these capacitors are connected to a battery will influence both the potential drop across each individual capacitor and the size of the charge that each capacitor can store. This is determined by the specific type of...
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Th&#233venin Equivalent Circuits01:18

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The household power distribution system, encompassing distribution lines and transformers, serves as the primary network. Electrical appliances within a household can be represented as load impedance. To simplify this intricate distribution system, Thévenin's theorem can be applied to create a Thévenin equivalent circuit. If an AC circuit is partitioned into two parts (circuit A and circuit B), connected by a single pair of terminals as shown in Figure 1.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

In Vivo, Percutaneous, Needle Based, Optical Coherence Tomography of Renal Masses
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Visualization of viscoelastic behavior in skin equivalent using optical coherence tomography-based straingraphy.

Y Hara1,2, Y Ogura1, T Yamashita1

  • 1Shiseido Research Center, Kanagawa, Japan.

Skin Research and Technology : Official Journal of International Society for Bioengineering and the Skin (ISBS) [And] International Society for Digital Imaging of Skin (ISDIS) [And] International Society for Skin Imaging (ISSI)
|January 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Cultured skin equivalents (SEs) show increased mechanical specialization at the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ) over time. Dynamic-optical coherence straingraphy (D-OCSA) reveals this, aiding SE quality assessment.

Keywords:
optical coherence tomographyskin equivalentstrain relaxation teststraingraphyviscoelastic behavior

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Biomechanical Engineering

Background:

  • The mechanical roles of skin components remain poorly understood.
  • Investigating the relationship between skin structure and mechanical function is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To spatially map the mechanical behavior of cultured skin equivalents (SEs).
  • To clarify the relationships between skin components and their mechanical functions using optical coherence tomography (OCT)-based straingraphy.

Main Methods:

  • Developed dynamic-optical coherence straingraphy (D-OCSA) integrating OCT with a strain relaxation test system.
  • Analyzed spatial mechanical changes in SEs based on culture duration.
  • Defined a relaxation attenuation coefficient to quantify viscoelastic behavior.

Main Results:

  • The strain relaxation attenuation coefficient significantly increased negatively at the dermal-epidermal junction (DEJ) after 4 days of culture compared to 1 day.
  • Microscopic analysis revealed cracks in SEs cultured for 4 days.
  • Demonstrated time-dependent spatial mechanical changes in SEs.

Conclusions:

  • Provided quantified evidence that the DEJ is a dynamically specialized region.
  • The OCT-based D-OCSA system is valuable for assessing SE quality and analyzing their mechanics.