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Histone Modification02:32

Histone Modification

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The histone proteins have a flexible N-terminal tail extending out from the nucleosome. These histone tails are often subjected to post-translational modifications such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination. Particular combinations of these modifications form “histone codes” that influence the chromatin folding and tissue-specific gene expression.
Acetylation
The enzyme histone acetyltransferase adds acetyl group to the histones. Another enzyme, histone...
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Phosphate Buffer01:22

Phosphate Buffer

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The phosphate buffer system is a critical biological mechanism for maintaining pH stability in the body. This system operates primarily through two components: sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaH2PO4), which acts as a weak acid, and sodium hydrogen phosphate (Na2HPO4), which serves as a weak base.
Sodium dihydrogen phosphate does not fully dissociate in neutral or acidic solutions. When a strong base, such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), is introduced into the solution, sodium dihydrogen phosphate...
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Bonding in Metals02:32

Bonding in Metals

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Metallic bonds are formed between two metal atoms. A simplified model to describe metallic bonding has been developed by Paul Drüde called the “Electron Sea Model”. 
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Spreading of Chromatin Modifications02:25

Spreading of Chromatin Modifications

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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
Writers
The writer...
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Alkali Metals03:06

Alkali Metals

25.0K
Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals
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A Method to Manipulate Surface Tension of a Liquid Metal via Surface Oxidation and Reduction
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Metal-Phosphate Bilayers for Anatase Surface Modification.

Mariana C O Monteiro1,2, Gihoon Cha1, Patrik Schmuki1,3

  • 1Department of Materials Science, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg , Martensstr. 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|January 26, 2018
PubMed
Summary

To enhance dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), researchers improved titanium dioxide (TiO2) surface reactivity using metal-phosphate bilayers. Cobalt-phosphate treatment significantly boosted DSSC efficiency by 48%, demonstrating a promising surface modification strategy.

Keywords:
TiO2 nanotubesmetal−phosphate bilayermodified anatasephotoanode

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Anatase titanium dioxide (TiO2) exhibits limited reactivity with carboxylic acid groups, hindering its use in applications like dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs).
  • Efficient binding of dyes to the metal oxide surface via carboxylic acid terminations is crucial for DSSC performance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To enhance the surface reactivity of anatase TiO2 by synthesizing metal-phosphate bilayers (Ni or Co).
  • To investigate the effect of these modified surfaces on dye adsorption and DSSC performance.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of Ni-phosphate and Co-phosphate bilayers on anatase TiO2 compact oxide and nanotubes.
  • Characterization using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
  • Evaluation of surface reactivity with stearic acid and N719 dye using contact angle and desorption experiments.
  • Fabrication and testing of DSSCs with modified TiO2 photoanodes.

Main Results:

  • Successful formation of metal-phosphate bilayers, with phosphate acting as an intermediate layer.
  • Co-phosphate bilayers, heat-treated at 300 °C, showed the greatest enhancement in surface reactivity.
  • Modified electrodes, particularly with Co-phosphate treatment, led to increased Jsc values and a 48% efficiency improvement in DSSCs.

Conclusions:

  • Metal-phosphate bilayers effectively enhance the surface reactivity of anatase TiO2.
  • Cobalt-phosphate bilayers offer a promising strategy for improving the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells.