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Related Concept Videos

RNA Structure01:23

RNA Structure

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Overview
The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
Different Types of RNA Have the Same Basic Structure
There are three main types of ribonucleic acid (RNA): messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). All three RNA types consist of a...
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The basic structure of RNA consists of a string of ribonucleotides attached by phosphodiester bonds. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases00:58

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RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
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Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

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Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
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Retroviral Transduction of T-cell Receptors in Mouse T-cells
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New windows into retroviral RNA structures.

Dhivya Jayaraman1, Julia Claire Kenyon2,3,4

  • 1Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 14 Medical Drive, MD 6, Level 15, Singapore, 117599, Singapore.

Retrovirology
|January 26, 2018
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

New techniques allow for powerful visualization of viral and cellular RNA structures. This advancement aids in understanding retroviral RNA flexibility, function, and potential drug targets.

Keywords:
Disruptive technologyHIVNMRRNA structureRetrovirusSHAPESecondary structure

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Virology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Viral and cellular RNA roles are increasingly recognized.
  • RNA structure modeling techniques have advanced significantly.
  • Faster and more accurate RNA structure visualization is now possible.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight advancements in RNA structure visualization techniques.
  • To discuss the application of these techniques in retrovirology.
  • To explore the implications for understanding RNA function and drug development.

Main Methods:

  • Selective 2'OH acylation analysed by primer extension (SHAPE) assays.
  • Capillary and next-generation sequencing for high-throughput analysis.
  • Development of methods for modeling large RNA three-dimensional structures.

Main Results:

  • SHAPE has revolutionized the study of diverse retroviral RNAs.
  • Analysis of entire genomes and virion RNA structures is now feasible.
  • New techniques enable detailed modeling of complex RNA structures.

Conclusions:

  • Retroviral RNAs exhibit significant structural and functional flexibility.
  • RNA structures and their interactions are potential drug targets.
  • Understanding retroviral RNA structures enhances knowledge of cellular RNA biology.