Interstitial Mo-Assisted Photovoltaic Effect in Multilayer MoSe₂ Phototransistors

Thin-film transistors (TFTs) based on multilayer molybdenum diselenide (MoSe₂ ) synthesized by modified atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition (APCVD) exhibit outstanding photoresponsivity (103.1 A W^-1 ), while it is generally believed that optical response of multilayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) is significantly limited due to their indirect bandgap and inefficient photoexcitation process. Here, the fundamental origin of such a high photoresponsivity in the synthesized multilayer MoSe₂ TFTs is sought. A unique structural characteristic of the APCVD-grown MoSe₂ is observed, in which interstitial Mo atoms exist between basal planes, unlike usual 2H phase TMDs. Density functional theory calculations and photoinduced transfer characteristics reveal that such interstitial Mo atoms form photoreactive electronic states in the bandgap. Models indicate that huge photoamplification is attributed to trapped holes in subgap states, resulting in a significant photovoltaic effect. In this study, the fundamental origin of high responsivity with synthetic MoSe₂ phototransistors is identified, suggesting a novel route to high-performance, multifunctional 2D material devices for future wearable sensor applications.