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Polymers

Polymers

The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...

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Fruit Development, Structure, and Function

Fruits form from a mature flower ovary. As seeds develop from the ovules contained within, the ovary wall undergoes a series of complex changes to form fruit. In some fruits, such as soybeans, the ovary wall dries; in other fruits, such as grapes, it remains fleshy. In some cases, organs other than the ovary contribute to fruit formation; such fruits are called accessory fruits.

Alkali Metals

Alkali Metals

Group 1 elements are soft and shiny metallic solids. They are malleable, ductile, and good conductors of heat and electricity. The melting points of the alkali metals are unusually low for metals and decrease going down the group, while the density increases going down the group with the exception of potassium (Table 1).
Table 1: Properties of the alkali metals

Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH

Composition of Polyprotic Acid Solutions as a Function of pH

Polyprotic acids of the type H2M constitute two ionizable protons. As a result, on titration with a base, they exhibit two equivalence points in the titration curve. During titration, the species H2M, HM−, and M2− will be present in the solution at different points. The fractions of H2M, HM−, and M2− present at the various instances of the titration are denoted by α0, α1, and α2, respectively.
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Classifying Matter by Composition

Classifying Matter by Composition

Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures.
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Properties of Transition Metals

Properties of Transition Metals

Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Experimental Implementation of a New Composite Fabrication Method: Exposing Bare Fibers on the Composite Surface by the Soft Layer Method

Experimental Implementation of a New Composite Fabrication Method: Exposing Bare Fibers on the Composite Surface by the Soft Layer Method

Published on: October 6, 2017

A 3D-Printable Polymer-Metal Soft-Magnetic Functional Composite-Development and Characterization.

Bilal Khatri¹, Karl Lappe², Dorit Noetzel³

¹Laboratory for Materials Processing, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany. bilal.khatri@imtek.de.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

|January 26, 2018

Summary

This study developed a 3D printable polymer-metal composite using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and stainless steel. The material shows potential for additive manufacturing of magnetic sensors and actuators.

Keywords:

3D printing fused deposition modeling magnetic characterization material characterization mechanical characterization polymer–metal composite

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Last Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Experimental Implementation of a New Composite Fabrication Method: Exposing Bare Fibers on the Composite Surface by the Soft Layer Method

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Published on: October 6, 2017

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Advanced Compositional Analysis of Nanoparticle-polymer Composites Using Direct Fluorescence Imaging

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Published on: July 19, 2016

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Additive Manufacturing
Polymer Composites

Background:

Soft-magnetic composites are crucial for various electronic applications.
3D printing offers a versatile platform for fabricating complex material structures.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and characterize a 3D printable polymer-metal soft-magnetic composite.
To investigate the material, structural, and functional properties of the composite with varying filler content.

Main Methods:

Development of a composite using acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and stainless steel micropowder.
Rheological analysis and 3D printing of tensile and flexural test specimens.
Mechanical (tensile, flexural) and magnetic hysteresis characterization.

Main Results:

Mechanical properties like ultimate tensile strength and Young's modulus decreased with increasing stainless steel content.
Flexural strength decreased up to 70%, while the secant modulus of elasticity increased up to twofold.
Achieved retentivities up to 15.6 mT and coercive forces up to 4.31 kA/m.

Conclusions:

The developed composite is suitable for additive manufacturing.
The material exhibits promising properties for passive magnetic sensors and actuators.