A histological examination of spinal reconstruction using a frozen bone autograft

Our aim was to compare the process of bone formation after reconstruction of the vertebral body using a titanium cage with either a liquid nitrogen-treated (frozen) bone autograft or non-treated fresh bone autograft. Twelve canine beagles underwent anterior reconstruction of the 5th lumbar vertebrae using a titanium cage and bone autograft. Bone formation was compared across four experimental groups: fresh bone autograft groups, with animals sacrificed at either 8 or 16 weeks post-reconstruction, and liquid nitrogen-treated (frozen) bone autograft groups, with animals again sacrificed at either 8 or 16 weeks post-reconstruction. Bone formation was evaluated histologically by calculating the proportion of 'reaction' and 'mature bone' regions at the ends of the cage, its center, and ventral/dorsal sides. The reaction region contained osteocytes with a nucleus and osteoblasts accumulated on the surface of an osteoid, while a laminar structure was visible for mature bone regions. For fresh bone autografts, the reaction and mature bone regions significantly increased from 8 to 16 weeks post-reconstruction. By comparison, for frozen autografts, the reaction bone region did not significantly increase from 8 to 16 weeks post-reconstruction, while the mature bone region did increase over this time period. The proportion of reaction bone was higher at the ends and dorsal side of the cage at 8 weeks, for both graft types, with greater bone formation at the center of the cage at 16 weeks only for the fresh bone autograft. Therefore, bone formation in the anterior spinal reconstruction site tended to be delayed when using a frozen bone autograft compared to a fresh bone autograft. The bone formation process, however, was similar for both groups, beginning at the ends and dorsal side of the cage adjacent to the surrounding vertebral bone.