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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
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The Tumor Microenvironment02:17

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Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...
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The brain is an integral component of the nervous system and serves as the center for processing sensory inputs, making decisions, and directing bodily actions. This complex organ is organized into three primary sections: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, each responsible for a range of vital functions.
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Brain imaging technologies provide critical insights into both the structure and function of the human brain, enabling medical professionals and researchers to diagnose, study, and treat neurological disorders or psychiatric disorders more effectively.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Live-Cell Imaging Assays to Study Glioblastoma Brain Tumor Stem Cell Migration and Invasion
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Brain Tumors.

J Ricardo McFaline-Figueroa1, Eudocia Q Lee2

  • 1Center for Neuro-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Mass; Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.

The American Journal of Medicine
|January 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review covers common brain tumors like metastases, meningiomas, and gliomas. It emphasizes diagnosis, management, and complications for healthcare providers.

Keywords:
Brain metastasesBrain tumorCerebral edemaGlioblastomaMeningiomaSeizures

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Brain tumors are prevalent and require foundational knowledge for general medical providers.
  • Key types include intracranial metastases, meningiomas, and gliomas (e.g., glioblastoma).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review common brain tumors, focusing on diagnosis and management.
  • To highlight the integrated diagnosis approach for gliomas based on molecular and histological features.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on brain tumor diagnosis and management.
  • Emphasis on multidisciplinary care for central nervous system metastases.
  • Discussion of new glioma classification integrating molecular data.

Main Results:

  • Intracranial metastases require complex, multidisciplinary care.
  • Meningiomas are often benign and surgically managed; advanced treatments are for refractory cases.
  • Glioblastoma is aggressive, with limited response to standard chemoradiation; new classifications improve prognostic accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis and management of common brain tumors are crucial for medical providers.
  • Integrated glioma classification aids in better prognosis.
  • Multidisciplinary approaches are essential for complex cases like brain metastases.