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Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Studying Membrane Biogenesis with a Luciferase-Based Reporter Gene Assay
Published on: September 7, 2008
A molecular perspective of mammalian autophagosome biogenesis
Thomas J Mercer1, Andrea Gubas1, Sharon A Tooze2
1From the Molecular Cell Biology of Autophagy Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, United Kingdom.
Abstract:
Autophagy is a highly conserved process and is essential for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Autophagy occurs at a basal level in all cells, but it can be up-regulated during stress, starvation, or infection. Misregulation of autophagy has been linked to various disorders, including cancer, neurodegeneration, and immune diseases. Here, we discuss the essential proteins acting in the formation of an autophagosome, with a focus on the ULK and VPS34 kinase complexes, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate effector proteins, and the transmembrane autophagy-related protein ATG9. The function and regulation of these and other autophagy-related proteins acting during formation will be addressed, in particular during amino acid starvation.
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