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Atomic Orbitals

Atomic Orbitals

An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.

Molecular Orbital Theory I

Molecular Orbital Theory I

Overview of Molecular Orbital Theory

Molecular Orbital Theory II

Molecular Orbital Theory II

Molecular Orbital Energy Diagrams

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals II

sp3d and sp3d 2 Hybridization

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I

The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

The Energies of Atomic Orbitals

In an atom, the negatively charged electrons are attracted to the positively charged nucleus. In a multielectron atom, electron-electron repulsions are also observed. The attractive and repulsive forces are dependent on the distance between the particles, as well as the sign and magnitude of the charges on the individual particles. When the charges on the particles are opposite, they attract each other. If both particles have the same charge, they repel each other.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Isolating Malignant and Non-Malignant B Cells from lck:eGFP Zebrafish

Isolating Malignant and Non-Malignant B Cells from lck:eGFP Zebrafish

Published on: February 22, 2019

Right orbital edema masquerading a hematologic malignancy.

Andrew C Tiu¹, Vivian Arguello-Guerra², Gabor Varadi³

¹Department of Medicine, Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.

SAGE Open Medical Case Reports

|January 27, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Multiple myeloma, a plasma cell cancer, can unusually present as eye swelling due to bone infiltration. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing this rare hematologic malignancy manifestation.

Keywords:

Eye swelling multiple myeloma orbital edema

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Area of Science:

Hematology
Oncology
Ophthalmology

Background:

Multiple myeloma is a plasma cell malignancy primarily affecting African Americans, classically presenting with hypercalcemia, renal failure, anemia, and bone lesions.
Ophthalmologic manifestations, while uncommon, can occur in multiple myeloma patients.

Observation:

A 63-year-old African-American female presented with unilateral eye swelling, headache, and constitutional symptoms.
Initial differential diagnoses included orbital inflammatory and infectious conditions.
MRI revealed calvarial lesions contributing to the orbital edema.

Findings:

The patient was diagnosed with multiple myeloma based on pancytopenia, elevated immunoglobulin G kappa monoclonal gammopathy, osteolytic lesions, and bone marrow biopsy findings.
Treatment with cyclophosphamide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone led to resolution of eye swelling and reduction of M-spike.

Implications:

This case highlights an atypical presentation of multiple myeloma, emphasizing the need to consider hematologic malignancies in the differential diagnosis of unilateral orbital edema.
Unusual presentations underscore the importance of comprehensive evaluation for systemic diseases presenting with localized symptoms.