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A Simple Flight Mill for the Study of Tethered Flight in Insects
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Flight feather development: its early specialization during embryogenesis.

Mao Kondo1, Tomoe Sekine1, Taku Miyakoshi1

  • 11Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578 Japan.

Zoological Letters
|January 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Flight feather development begins early in embryonic development, not after hatching. This study reveals key embryonic events in flight feather morphogenesis, crucial for their evolution.

Keywords:
Chick embryoFeather developmentFlight featherInvagination

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Evolutionary Biology
  • Paleontology

Background:

  • Flight feathers are the most evolutionally advanced feather type, unique to birds and some dinosaurs.
  • Feather types typically form after hatching, but flight feathers may develop earlier, suggesting embryonic origins.
  • Previous research indicated earlier molting for flight feathers compared to other types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the start of flight feather morphogenesis.
  • To identify embryological processes specific to flight feather development.
  • To contrast flight feather development with down feather development.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of chick embryonic development.
  • Observation of feather bud morphology at different embryonic stages.
  • Gene expression analysis (e.g., *shh*) to track developmental timing.

Main Results:

  • Second-generation feather development, showing flight feather arrangement, begins by embryonic day 18.
  • Gene expression (*shh*) suggests flight feather development initiates around embryonic day 14.
  • Specific flight feather bud morphology detected by embryonic day 11, with initial invagination.

Conclusions:

  • Flight feather morphogenesis is significantly modified from its earliest stages.
  • Early embryonic modifications are crucial for the evolution of flight feathers.
  • Molecular cues involved in limb development may influence flight feather-specific morphogenesis.