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A chemical formula presents information about the proportions of atoms constituting a particular chemical compound or molecule, mainly using symbols of elements and numbers. At times other symbols, such as dashes, parentheses, brackets, commas, plus, and minus signs, are also used. A chemical formula can be one of three types – molecular, empirical, and structural.
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Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Spatiotemporal Mapping of Motility in Ex Vivo Preparations of the Intestines
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Single-breath-hold abdominal [Formula: see text]  mapping using 3D Cartesian Look-Locker with spatiotemporal sparsity

Felix Lugauer1, Jens Wetzl2, Christoph Forman3

  • 1Pattern Recognition Lab, Department of Computer Science, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany. felix.lugauer@fau.de.

Magma (New York, N.Y.)
|January 27, 2018
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Summary

A new 3D Look-Locker MRI technique provides accurate, whole-liver T1 mapping in a single breath-hold. This advanced method enables precise volumetric analysis of liver tissue, improving diagnostic capabilities.

Keywords:
3D Look-LockerCompressed sensingPoisson samplingmapping

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Area of Science:

  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  • Medical Physics
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Accurate T1 mapping is crucial for diagnosing liver diseases.
  • Existing 2D methods lack whole-liver coverage and efficiency.
  • Breath-hold techniques are essential for minimizing motion artifacts in abdominal MRI.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel 3D Cartesian Look-Locker technique for T1 mapping.
  • To achieve high accuracy and complete liver coverage within a single breath-hold.
  • To enable precise volumetric T1 analysis of the liver.

Main Methods:

  • Implementation of sparse Cartesian sampling with a spatiotemporally incoherent Poisson pattern.
  • Utilizing k-space segmentation for high-temporal-resolution imaging.
  • Joint reconstruction of 3D + inversion time (TI) data using compressed sensing for enhanced T1 mapping.

Main Results:

  • The 3D method achieved excellent agreement with 2D reference scans in phantom and volunteer studies.
  • Demonstrated high accuracy (bias < 4% for liver, muscle, spleen) and precision.
  • Enabled volumetric analysis and reformatting of T1 maps with clinically feasible scan (20s) and reconstruction times (<4 min).

Conclusions:

  • Whole-liver T1 mapping with high accuracy and precision is achievable in a single breath-hold.
  • The developed 3D Cartesian Look-Locker technique offers a significant advancement for liver imaging.
  • This method facilitates precise, non-invasive assessment of liver tissue characteristics.