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Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base02:28

Titration Calculations: Strong Acid - Strong Base

34.2K
Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Strong Acid/Strong Base
A titration is carried out for 25.00 mL of 0.100 M HCl (strong acid) with 0.100 M of a strong base NaOH. The pH at different volumes of added base solution can be calculated as follows:
(a) Titrant volume = 0 mL. The solution pH is due to the acid ionization of HCl. Because this is a strong acid, the ionization is complete and the hydronium ion molarity is 0.100 M. The pH of the solution is then:
34.2K
Strong Acid and Base Solutions03:22

Strong Acid and Base Solutions

36.2K
A strong acid is a compound that dissociates completely in an aqueous solution and produces a concentration of hydronium ions equal to the initial concentration of acid. For example, 0.20 M hydrobromic acid will dissociate completely in water and produces 0.20 M of hydronium ions and 0.20 M of bromide ions.
36.2K
Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base01:23

Titration of a Strong Acid with a Strong Base

10.6K
During the titration of a strong acid with a strong base, pH calculations are primarily based on the concentration of residual hydronium or hydroxide ions. Initially, a strong acid like hydrochloric acid fully dissociates, creating hydronium and chloride ions, resulting in a low pH. The addition of a strong base like sodium hydroxide alters the concentration of hydronium ions by neutralizing them. As more base is added, the pH gradually increases. At the equivalence point, all hydronium ions...
10.6K
Chemical Equilibria: Systematic Approach to Equilibrium Calculations01:21

Chemical Equilibria: Systematic Approach to Equilibrium Calculations

1.7K
Equilibrium calculations for systems involving multiple equilibria are often complex. For example, to calculate the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt in an aqueous solution in the presence of a common ion, one must consider all the equilibria in this solution. Calculations for these systems can be complicated and tedious, so a systematic approach with a series of steps is often helpful. The process is detailed below.
The first step is to identify all the chemical reactions involved, The...
1.7K
Chemical Reactions01:19

Chemical Reactions

96.1K
A chemical reaction is a process by which the bonds in the atoms of substances are rearranged to generate new substances. Matter cannot be created or destroyed in a chemical reaction—the same type and number of atoms that make up the reactants are still present in the products. Merely, the rearrangement of chemical bonds produces new compounds.
Chemical Reactions Rearrange Atoms into New Substances
A chemical reaction takes starting materials—the reactants—and changes them...
96.1K
Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base03:55

Titration Calculations: Weak Acid - Strong Base

49.4K
Calculating pH for Titration Solutions: Weak Acid/Strong Base
For the titration of 25.00 mL of 0.100 M CH3CO2H with 0.100 M NaOH, the reaction can be represented as:
49.4K

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Synthesis and Functionalization of 3D Nano-graphene Materials: Graphene Aerogels and Graphene Macro Assemblies
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Chemical Approach to Ultrastiff, Strong, and Environmentally Stable Graphene Films.

Mingmao Wu1, Ji Chen1, Yeye Wen1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|January 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed strong, stiff graphene films using modified Hofmann reduced graphene oxide (Ho-rGO). These films offer excellent mechanical properties and environmental stability for practical applications.

Keywords:
graphene filmshigh conductivityhigh stiffnesshigh strengthmechanical properties

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Polymer Science

Background:

  • Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is a promising material for advanced films.
  • Improving the mechanical properties and environmental stability of rGO films is crucial for practical applications.
  • Structural defects in rGO can limit the performance of graphene-based materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets with large graphitic domains and minimal defects using a modified Hofmann method (Ho-rGO).
  • To fabricate and characterize graphene films from Ho-rGO for enhanced mechanical and environmental properties.
  • To investigate the relationship between the structural integrity of Ho-rGO sheets and the performance of graphene films.

Main Methods:

  • Preparation of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) sheets via a modified Hofmann method (Ho-rGO).
  • Fabrication of graphene films through filtration of Ho-rGO aqueous dispersions.
  • Post-fabrication treatment using thermal annealing.
  • Characterization of mechanical properties (modulus, tensile strength, toughness) and electrical properties.
  • Assessment of environmental stability by evaluating water infiltration.

Main Results:

  • Ho-rGO sheets possess large graphitic domains and few structural defects.
  • Graphene films fabricated from Ho-rGO exhibit high moduli (54.6 ± 1.4 GPa) and tensile strengths (521 ± 19 MPa).
  • The films demonstrate high toughness, good electrical properties, and excellent environmental stability due to reduced water infiltration.
  • The intact structure of Ho-rGO sheets leads to narrowed nanochannels, enhancing film integrity.

Conclusions:

  • The modified Hofmann method effectively produces Ho-rGO with superior structural characteristics.
  • The resulting graphene films possess exceptional mechanical strength, stiffness, and environmental stability.
  • These lightweight, ultrastiff, and ultrastrong graphene films are highly suitable for diverse practical applications.