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Related Concept Videos

Instantaneous Velocity - II01:10

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Instantaneous velocity is the quantity that measures how fast an object is moving along its path. In other words, the instantaneous velocity of an object is the limit of the average velocity as the elapsed time approaches zero, or the derivative of displacement with respect to time. Like average velocity, the instantaneous velocity is a vector with the dimensions of length per unit time. Instantaneous velocity can have both positive and negative values. The instantaneous velocity can be...
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Acceleration is in the direction of the change in velocity, but it is not always in the direction of motion. When an object slows down, its acceleration is opposite to the direction of its motion. Although commonly referred to as deceleration, this causes confusion in our analysis as deceleration is not a vector, and does not point to a specific direction with respect to a coordinate system. Therefore, the term deceleration is not used. For example, when a subway train slows down, it...
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Instantaneous Power01:22

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Instantaneous power is important in electrical circuits, mainly when dealing with sinusoidal input. Instantaneous power, denoted as p(t), results from the multiplication of the instantaneous voltage (v(t)) across an element and the instantaneous current (i(t)) flowing through it. This relationship adheres to the passive sign convention and represents a fundamental principle in electrical engineering.
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Instantaneous Velocity - I01:15

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The average velocity during a time interval cannot tell us how fast or in what direction a particle is moving at any given time during the interval. To calculate this, it is important to know the instantaneous velocity, which is the velocity at a specific instant of time or at a specific point along the path. Instantaneous velocity is the quantity that measures how fast an object is moving along its path. In other words, the instantaneous velocity vx of an object is the limit of the average...
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General plane motion, often observed in a rolling wheel, refers to a type of movement where the wheel is simultaneously rotating and translating. This complex motion can be understood by breaking it down into individual components.
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To calculate other physical quantities in kinematics, the time variable must be introduced. The time variable not only allows us to state where an object is (its position) during its motion, but also how fast it’s moving. The speed at which an object is moving is given by the rate at which the position changes with time. For each position, a particular time is assigned. If the details of the motion at each instant are not important, the rate is usually expressed as the average velocity v.
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Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Wearable Devices to Identify Central Versus Peripheral Limitations During Exercise
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Instantaneous VO2 from a wearable device.

Andrew J Cook1, Ben Ng2, Gaetano D Gargiulo3

  • 1School of Electrical and Telecommunications Engineering, UNSW Sydney, NSW, Australia.

Medical Engineering & Physics
|January 27, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new wearable device estimates oxygen uptake (VO2) non-invasively using heart rate and acceleration data. This method shows high accuracy, offering a convenient alternative to traditional gas calorimetry for diverse populations.

Keywords:
Energy expenditureMETSVO2Wearable devices

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Wearable Technology

Background:

  • Accurate measurement of oxygen uptake (VO2) is crucial for assessing cardiorespiratory fitness and energy expenditure.
  • Traditional methods like expired gas calorimetry are often cumbersome and not suitable for continuous, real-world monitoring.
  • Existing wearable technologies lack precise, non-invasive VO2 estimation capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and clinically validate a non-invasive wearable method for calculating instantaneous oxygen uptake (VO2).
  • To integrate this novel VO2 estimation into an existing wearable device (DREEM) for practical application.
  • To compare the accuracy of the new method against the gold standard of expired gas calorimetry.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a non-invasive algorithm combining heart rate (HR) and integral of absolute acceleration (IAA) data.
  • Implemented the algorithm within the Device for Reliable Energy Expenditure Monitoring (DREEM), a waist-worn device with ECG and accelerometer.
  • Conducted a clinical evaluation on 42 participants (healthy, athletes, obese) using a protocol with exercise and sedentary periods, comparing against expired gas calorimetry.

Main Results:

  • The developed algorithm demonstrated a high correlation for instantaneous VO2 (r=0.93) and 3-minute mean VO2 (r=0.97) compared to expired gas calorimetry.
  • The combined HR and IAA approach significantly improved VO2 estimation accuracy compared to using either metric independently.
  • The wearable device provided accurate and reliable VO2 measurements across a diverse participant group.

Conclusions:

  • The novel non-invasive wearable method provides a highly accurate and practical approach for estimating oxygen uptake (VO2).
  • This technology offers a significant advancement over existing methods, enabling continuous and unobtrusive monitoring of cardiorespiratory function.
  • The DREEM device with the integrated algorithm has the potential for widespread use in clinical settings, sports science, and personal health monitoring.