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Polymers

Polymers

The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...

Polymers

Polymers

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom

Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.

Mechanical Protein Functions

Mechanical Protein Functions

Proteins perform many mechanical functions in a cell. These proteins can be classified into two general categories- proteins that generate mechanical forces and proteins that are subjected to mechanical forces. Proteins providing mechanical support to the structure of the cell, such as keratin, are subjected to mechanical force, whereas proteins involved in cell movement and transport of molecules across cell membranes, such as an ion pump, are examples of generating mechanical force.

Polymer Classification: Architecture

Polymer Classification: Architecture

Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

Polymer Classification: Crystallinity

Unlike ionic or small covalent molecules, polymers do not form crystalline solids due to the diffusion limitations of their long-chain structures. However, polymers contain microscopic crystalline domains separated by amorphous domains.
Crystalline domains are the regions where polymer chains are aligned in an orderly manner and held together in proximity by intermolecular forces. For example, chains in the crystalline domains of polyethylene and nylon are bound together by van der Waals...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

A Testing Platform for Durability Studies of Polymers and Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites under Concurrent Hygrothermo-mechanical Stimuli

A Testing Platform for Durability Studies of Polymers and Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites under Concurrent Hygrothermo-mechanical Stimuli

Published on: December 11, 2014

A new bound on polymer quantization via an opto-mechanical setup.

Mohsen Khodadi¹, Kourosh Nozari², Sanjib Dey³

¹Department of Physics, Faculty of Basic Sciences, University of Mazandaran, P. O. Box 47416-95447, Babolsar, Iran.

Scientific Reports

|January 28, 2018

Summary

Researchers propose a new experimental method to constrain quantum gravity effects using polymer quantization. This approach could lead to a table-top experiment to probe the Planck scale and minimal length phenomena.

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Last Updated: Feb 15, 2026

A Testing Platform for Durability Studies of Polymers and Fiber-reinforced Polymer Composites under Concurrent Hygrothermo-mechanical Stimuli

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Published on: July 18, 2018

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Area of Science:

Theoretical Physics
Quantum Gravity Phenomenology
Loop Quantum Gravity

Background:

A minimal measurable length at the Planck scale is a key prediction of quantum gravity theories.
Various spacetime deformation techniques have been used to explore this concept.
Polymer quantization, emerging from loop quantum gravity, offers a novel approach to quantum gravity phenomenology.

Purpose of the Study:

To extend polymer quantization ideas to derive a new, tighter bound on the polymer deformation parameter.
To propose an experimental protocol for probing polymer length-deformed canonical commutation relations.
To investigate quantum gravitational phenomena using a feasible opto-mechanical setup.

Main Methods:

Utilizing an opto-mechanical experimental setup designed to embed minimal length into canonical commutation relations.
Extending the setup to probe polymer length-deformed canonical commutation relations for a Planck-scale mass oscillator.
Employing the exchange of mechanical information with a high-intensity optical pulse within an optical cavity.

Main Results:

A novel experimental protocol is proposed to constrain the polymer deformation parameter.
The proposed method allows for probing polymer length-deformed commutation relations.
The experimental scheme is demonstrated to be achievable with current technologies.

Conclusions:

The study provides a new method for experimentally investigating quantum gravity at the Planck scale.
The proposed opto-mechanical experiment offers a practical realization of quantum gravitational phenomena.
This table-top experiment could provide insights into the polymer quantization approach.