Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping and Biopsy for Endometrial Cancer at Early Stage with Laparoscopy
Published on: August 19, 2021
Association of eIF4E and SPARC Expression with Lymphangiogenesis and Lymph Node Metastasis in Hypopharyngeal Cancer
Benjamin Philipp Ernst1,2, Caja Mikstas3, Timo Stöver3
1Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany benjamin.ernst@unimedizin-mainz.de.
Background/Aim:
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) are characterized by aggressiveness, early recurrence and lymph node metastasis. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify new biomarkers and drug targets.
Materials And Methods:
Neck dissection specimens from 11 patients diagnosed with hypopharyngeal cancer were analyzed for their lymphatic vessel density (LVD) by lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor 1 (LYVE-1) immunostaining, expression of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) and levels of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) using immunoblot analysis.
Results:
Compared to lymph node biopsies of healthy controIs, LVD was significantly increased in metastatic lymph nodes as well as in advanced primary tumors. Overexpression of eIF4E and SPARC was demonstrated in all hypopharyngeal cancer specimens. Notably, we observed that increased LVD significantly correlated with the expression of eIF4E as well as SPARC levels.
Conclusion:
eIF4E- and SPARC-associated signaling pathways may be associated with lymphangiogenesis and could be exploited to counteract the spread of hypopharyngeal cancer cells.
Related Concept Videos
Detailed Structure and Function of Lymph Nodes
From a histological perspective, lymph nodes can be split into two main areas: the superficial cortex and the deep medulla. The outer cortex is populated by dendritic cells, macrophages, and B lymphocytes, which are densely packed into follicles. When these B-lymphocytes are presented...
Metastasis
Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or EMT is a developmental process commonly observed in wound healing, embryogenesis, and cancer metastasis. EMT is induced by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) or receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) ligands, which further...
Associative Learning
Classical conditioning, also known...
Association Areas of the Cortex
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Node Analysis for AC Circuits
To unravel the complexities of this system, nodal analysis is employed, a powerful technique founded on Kirchhoff's current law (KCL), which remains valid for phasors. AC circuits can effectively be...
Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...

