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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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For a system of charges, it is easy to calculate the system's potential because potential is a scalar quantity. However, in some instances where calculating the electric field is more straightforward than finding the potential, the electric field is used to calculate the system's potential. For a positive charge, the electric field is radially outward, and the potential is positive at any finite distance from the positive charge. In such an electric field, the motion away from the...
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Modulating Spatial Processes and Navigation via Transcranial Electrical Stimulation: A Mini Review.

Tad T Brunyé1,2,3

  • 1Center for Applied Brain and Cognitive Sciences, School of Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, MA, United States.

Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
|January 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) offers a promising, non-invasive method to enhance spatial cognition and navigation. Future research can leverage tES to indirectly modulate subcortical areas for improved brain function.

Keywords:
functional connectivitynavigationspatial cognitiontranscranial alternating current stimulationtranscranial direct current stimulationvisualization

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Neuromodulation

Background:

  • Transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) is a non-invasive technique using low-intensity currents to modulate superficial cortical activity.
  • tES has emerged as a popular tool for influencing perception and cognition, with growing interest in its application to spatial processing.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the potential of tES in modulating key spatial processes crucial for navigation, such as spatial attention, perception, mental rotation, and visualization.
  • To explore recent advancements in empirical research and computational modeling that illuminate cortical-subcortical networks involved in spatial processing and navigation.
  • To propose future research directions for leveraging tES, specifically transcranial direct and alternating current stimulation (tDCS/tACS), to indirectly target subcortical regions.

Main Methods:

  • Mini-review of existing literature on transcranial electrical stimulation (tES).
  • Analysis of empirical research and computational modeling studies on spatial processing and navigation networks.
  • Discussion of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) applications.

Main Results:

  • tES can modulate superficial cortical activity, influencing cognitive functions including spatial processing.
  • Stable cortical-subcortical networks dynamically involved in spatial processing and navigation have been identified.
  • tES, particularly tDCS/tACS, can potentially target subcortical areas by modulating activity in functionally connected cortical regions.

Conclusions:

  • tES holds significant potential for enhancing spatial cognition and navigation by modulating relevant cortical and subcortical networks.
  • Understanding functional brain networks is key to optimizing tES protocols for targeted neuromodulation.
  • Future research should focus on leveraging tES to indirectly influence subcortical structures for therapeutic and research applications in human neuroscience.