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Related Concept Videos

Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions03:03

Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

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Chemical substances interact in many different ways. Certain chemical reactions exhibit common patterns of reactivity. Due to the vast number of chemical reactions, it becomes necessary to classify them based on the observed patterns of interaction.
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Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration02:42

Aqueous Solutions and Heats of Hydration

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Water and other polar molecules are attracted to ions. The electrostatic attraction between an ion and a molecule with a dipole is called an ion-dipole attraction. These attractions play an important role in the dissolution of ionic compounds in water.
When ionic compounds dissolve in water, the ions in the solid separate and disperse uniformly throughout the solution because water molecules surround and solvate the ions, reducing the strong electrostatic forces between them. This process...
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Leveling Effect and Non-Aqueous Acid-Base Solutions02:11

Leveling Effect and Non-Aqueous Acid-Base Solutions

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This lesson defines the leveling effect in acidic and basic solutions and its role in aqueous and non-aqueous solutions. It is essential to understand the competing nature of various species in a chemical system.
The Leveling Effect of a Solvent
A generic acid (HA) reacts with the generic base (B-) to yield the corresponding conjugate base (A-) and conjugate acid (HB):
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General Properties of Solutions02:12

General Properties of Solutions

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Many common substances around us exist as a solution, such as ocean water, air, and gasoline. All solutions are mixtures of substances that are composed of varying amounts of two or more types of atoms or molecules. A mixture with a non-uniform composition is a heterogeneous mixture, whereas a mixture with a uniform composition is a homogeneous mixture. The components that make the homogeneous mixture are evenly spread out and thoroughly mixed. 
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Solution Formation02:16

Solution Formation

38.2K
There is no one solvent that can dissolve every type of solute. Some substances that readily dissolve in a certain solvent might be insoluble in a different solvent. A simple way to predict which substances dissolve in which solvent is the phrase "like dissolves like". This means that polar substances, such as salt and sugar, dissolve in a polar substance like water. In contrast, non-polar substances are more soluble in non-polar solvents such as carbon tetrachloride.
This selective...
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Ideal Solutions02:24

Ideal Solutions

22.7K
According to Raoult’s law, the partial vapor pressure of a solvent in a solution is equal or identical to the vapor pressure of the pure solvent multiplied by its mole fraction in the solution. However, Raoult's Law is only valid for ideal solutions. For a solution to be ideal, the solvent-solute interaction must be just as strong as a solvent-solvent or solute-solute interaction. This suggests that both the solute and the solvent would use the same amount of energy to escape to the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
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Monovalent Cation Doping of CH3NH3PbI3 for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

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Aqueous-Containing Precursor Solutions for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells.

Dianyi Liu1,2, Christopher J Traverse1,2, Pei Chen1,2

  • 1Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Michigan State University East Lansing Michigan 48824 USA.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|January 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers found that using aqueous precursors in perovskite solar cell fabrication can improve moisture stability and performance. This method enhances crystallization and achieves high power conversion efficiencies (PCEs).

Keywords:
air processingaqueous‐containing precursorshumidityperovskitessolar cells

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Renewable Energy
  • Semiconductor Physics

Background:

  • Perovskite semiconductors offer excellent optoelectronic properties for photovoltaics.
  • Moisture instability remains a significant challenge for perovskite device longevity and performance.
  • Current research often focuses on preventing moisture during fabrication.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of high water content during perovskite film fabrication.
  • To determine if aqueous precursors can enhance moisture tolerance and device performance.
  • To challenge the notion that water negatively affects perovskite preparation.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of perovskite films using aqueous-containing perovskite precursors with high water content (up to 25 vol%).
  • Characterization of perovskite film properties, including crystallization and moisture sensitivity.
  • Fabrication and testing of perovskite solar cells under solar simulation.

Main Results:

  • Exposure to high water content during fabrication led to low moisture sensitivity and enhanced crystallization.
  • Perovskite solar cells fabricated via the aqueous method demonstrated reproducible high efficiencies.
  • Average power conversion efficiency (PCE) reached 18.7%, with a champion PCE of 20.1%.

Conclusions:

  • Water-perovskite interactions during fabrication do not necessarily degrade film quality or device performance.
  • High water content in precursors can enable humidity tolerance during air fabrication.
  • Aqueous processing offers a viable route to high-efficiency and stable perovskite solar cells.