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Related Concept Videos

Harmonic Mean01:09

Harmonic Mean

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The arithmetic mean is usually skewed towards the larger values in the data set. Therefore, to avoid this inherent bias towards smaller values, the harmonic mean is used.
Take the example of the speed of a car, which is the measure of the rate of distance traveled. If the vehicle traverses the same distance back-and-forth, its average speed equals the total distance traveled divided by the total time taken. However, if the car moves with varying speeds, then the arithmetic mean is more skewed...
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X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
Diffraction
Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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Interfacial electrochemical methods focus on the phenomena occurring at the boundary between an electrode and a solution, as opposed to bulk methods that concentrate on the solution's overall properties. These interfacial methods are classified as either static or dynamic based on the presence of a nonzero current in the electrochemical cell and the consistency of analyte concentrations. Static methods, such as potentiometry, measure the cell's potential without any significant current...
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Simple Harmonic Motion01:21

Simple Harmonic Motion

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Simple harmonic motion is the name given to oscillatory motion for a system where the net force can be described by Hooke's law. If the net force can be described by Hooke's law and there is no damping (by friction or other non-conservative forces), then a simple harmonic oscillator will oscillate with equal displacement on either side of the equilibrium position. To derive an equation for period and frequency, the equation of motion is used. The period of a simple harmonic oscillator is given...
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Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion01:23

Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion

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To determine the energy of a simple harmonic oscillator, consider all the forms of energy it can have during its simple harmonic motion. According to Hooke's Law, the energy stored during the compression/stretching of a string in a simple harmonic oscillator is potential energy. As the simple harmonic oscillator has no dissipative forces, it also possesses kinetic energy. In the presence of conservative forces, both energies can interconvert during oscillation, but the total energy remains...
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Characteristics of Simple Harmonic Motion01:17

Characteristics of Simple Harmonic Motion

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The key characteristic of the simple harmonic motion is that the acceleration of the system and, therefore, the net force are proportional to the displacement and act in the opposite direction to the displacement. Additionally, the period and frequency of a simple harmonic oscillator are independent of its amplitude. For example, diving boards move faster or slower based on their thickness. A stiff, thick diving board has a large force constant, which causes it to have a smaller period, while a...
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Probing the Structure and Dynamics of Interfacial Water with Scanning Tunneling Microscopy and Spectroscopy
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Soft X-Ray Second Harmonic Generation as an Interfacial Probe.

R K Lam1,2, S L Raj1,2, T A Pascal3

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.

Physical Review Letters
|January 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers observed soft x-ray second harmonic generation in graphite using the FERMI free electron laser. This breakthrough enables elemental-specific interface probing, even for buried interfaces.

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Area of Science:

  • Nonlinear optics
  • Soft x-ray physics
  • Materials science

Background:

  • Nonlinear optical processes at soft x-ray wavelengths are underexplored due to limitations in light source intensity and coherence.
  • Developing advanced light sources is crucial for advancing nonlinear optics in the soft x-ray regime.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To observe and analyze soft x-ray second harmonic generation (SHG) in graphite thin films.
  • To investigate the potential of soft x-ray SHG as a surface and interface probing technique.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing high-intensity, coherent soft x-ray pulses from the FERMI free electron laser.
  • Experimentally generating soft x-ray SHG near the carbon K edge (∼284 eV) in graphite.
  • Performing first-principles theoretical analysis to understand the observed phenomena.

Main Results:

  • Successfully observed soft x-ray second harmonic generation in graphite thin films.
  • Demonstrated resonant enhancement of SHG above the carbon K edge.
  • Showed that the technique is interfacially sensitive, with SHG intensity originating from the top atomic layer in a centrosymmetric sample.

Conclusions:

  • Soft x-ray SHG is a viable nonlinear optical process with potential applications in materials science.
  • The technique offers elemental specificity and sensitivity to interfaces, including buried ones.
  • This work establishes a new tool for probing interfaces with high precision.