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Colloids

Colloids

Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles that are visible to the naked eye or can be seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. On the other hand, a solution is a homogeneous mixture in which no settling occurs and in which the dissolved...

Colloids and Suspensions

Colloids and Suspensions

Children at play often make suspensions such as mixtures of mud and water, flour and water, or a suspension of solid pigments in water known as tempera paint. These suspensions are heterogeneous mixtures composed of relatively large particles visible to the naked eye or seen with a magnifying glass. They are cloudy, and the suspended particles settle out after mixing. The suspended particles in a suspension settle out after some time of mixing. The separation of particles from a suspension is...

Colloidal precipitates

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

NMR Spectroscopy: Spin–Spin Coupling

The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling

Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

Spin–Spin Coupling Constant: Overview

In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
Qualitatively, any spin plus-half nucleus polarizes the spins of its electrons to the minus-half state. Consequently, the paired electron in the hydrogen–carbon bond must...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Synthesis and Characterization of Supramolecular Colloids

Published on: April 22, 2016

Inner Phases of Colloidal Hexagonal Spin Ice.

A Libál^1,2, C Nisoli¹, C J O Reichhardt¹

¹Theoretical Division and Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA.

Physical Review Letters

|January 30, 2018

Summary

Researchers discovered a new inner phase in colloidal hexagonal artificial spin ice using numerical simulations. This ordered ferromagnetic state emerges under increasing repulsion, distinct from magnetic analogs due to unique energetics and frustration.

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Area of Science:

Condensed Matter Physics
Materials Science
Computational Physics

Background:

Colloidal artificial spin ice systems mimic magnetic spin ice, offering tunable properties.
Hexagonal artificial spin ice is a platform for studying complex emergent phenomena.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the phase behavior of hexagonal colloidal artificial spin ice.
To identify and characterize novel phases within the colloidal ice state.

Main Methods:

Numerical simulations mirroring experimental conditions.
Analysis of system behavior under varying colloid-colloid repulsion.

Main Results:

A previously unobserved inner phase was identified within the colloidal ice state.
The system transitions from paramagnetic to disordered ice, then to a topologically charge ordered state, and finally to a ferromagnetic state.
The observed phases differ from magnetic kagome spin ice due to energetics and frustration.

Conclusions:

Colloidal hexagonal artificial spin ice exhibits rich phase behavior.
The system's distinct inner phases are governed by its specific energetic landscape and frustration levels.