Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Review and Preview

Review and Preview

In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
Percentiles are a type of fractile that partition data into...

Review and Preview

Review and Preview

Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...

Ethics in Research

Ethics in Research

Today, scientists agree that good research is ethical in nature and is guided by a basic respect for human dignity and safety. However, this has not always been the case. Modern researchers must demonstrate that the research they perform is ethically sound.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Cutaneous Lymphomas and Lymphoproliferative Disorders Associated With SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: A Systematic Review.

Journal of skin cancer·2026

Same author

Trichoscopy of Cicatricial Alopecia in Fair and Dark Skin: A Multicenter International Study of the EADV Task Force on Hair Diseases and the IDS Task Force on Trichoscopy.

International journal of dermatology·2026

Same author

How Long to Treat to Achieve Desired Treatment Outcomes with Baricitinib 4 mg in Severe Alopecia Areata: Evidence-based Approach.

Dermatology and therapy·2026

Same author

Distal Nail Canal Visible on Onychoscopy as a Diagnostic Sign of Dermatophytoma.

Dermatology practical & conceptual·2026

Same author

Effectiveness and Safety of Topical Finasteride for Male Androgenetic Alopecia: Real World Data.

International journal of dermatology·2026

Same author

Six-month open-label clinical study of a novel topical solution for mild distal lateral subungual onychomycosis.

European journal of dermatology : EJD·2026

Same journal

Correction: Thaochan et al. Fungal-Infected Weeds: A Potential Source of Leaf Spot Disease in Rubber Trees from Southern Thailand. <i>J. Fungi</i> 2025, <i>11</i>, 220.

Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same journal

Distinct Phenotype and Secondary Metabolite Profile Mark a Dominant <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> Outbreak Strain.

Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same journal

Morphology, Chemistry, and Phylogeny Reveal Two New Species of the Genus <i>Lecidella</i> (Ascomycota, Lecanoraceae) from Anhui Province, China.

Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same journal

Unlocking the Biocontrol Potential of Indigenous Soil Fungi: High-Performing Strains of <i>Beauveria bassiana</i> and <i>Metarhizium robertsii</i> Against the Tomato Leafminer <i>Tuta absoluta</i>.

Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same journal

Unraveling CARD9 Mutations in Deep Dermatophytosis: A Genetic Gateway to Fungal Invasion and Immune Dysfunction.

Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Same journal

Draft Genome and Comparative Analysis of a <i>Cutaneotrichosporon jirovecii</i>-Related Yeast Recovered from a Human Fecal Sample.

Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

See all related articles

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Point-of-Care Ultrasound: A Review of Ultrasound Parameters for Predicting Difficult Airways

Point-of-Care Ultrasound: A Review of Ultrasound Parameters for Predicting Difficult Airways

Published on: April 7, 2023

Onychomycosis: A Review.

Bianca Maria Piraccini¹, Aurora Alessandrini²

¹Division of Dermatology, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 1, 40138 Bologna, Italy. biancamaria.piraccini@unibo.it.

Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland)

|January 30, 2018

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Onychomycosis, a common nail infection, is primarily caused by dermatophytes like Trichophyton rubrum. Diagnosis requires mycology, and treatment combines oral and topical antifungals for best results.

Keywords:

fungi nail nail lacquers onychomycosis systemic antifungal therapy

More Related Videos

Equipment Setup and Artifact Removal for Simultaneous Electroencephalogram and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Clinical Review in Epilepsy

Equipment Setup and Artifact Removal for Simultaneous Electroencephalogram and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Clinical Review in Epilepsy

Published on: June 23, 2023

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Point-of-Care Ultrasound: A Review of Ultrasound Parameters for Predicting Difficult Airways

Point-of-Care Ultrasound: A Review of Ultrasound Parameters for Predicting Difficult Airways

Published on: April 7, 2023

Equipment Setup and Artifact Removal for Simultaneous Electroencephalogram and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Clinical Review in Epilepsy

Equipment Setup and Artifact Removal for Simultaneous Electroencephalogram and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging for Clinical Review in Epilepsy

Published on: June 23, 2023

Area of Science:

Dermatology
Mycology
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Onychomycosis is the most prevalent nail infection globally.
Anthropophilic dermatophytes, particularly Trichophyton species, are the primary causative agents.
Yeasts and molds are less common causes of nail infections.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of onychomycosis.
To highlight the role of mycology and onychoscopy in diagnosis.
To discuss current treatment strategies and their limitations.

Main Methods:

Literature review of onychomycosis etiology, diagnostics, and therapeutics.
Emphasis on mycological confirmation of clinical diagnosis.
Discussion of onychoscopy as an adjunctive diagnostic tool.

Main Results:

Trichophyton rubrum and T. mentagrophytes are the leading causes of onychomycosis.
Onychomycosis diagnosis necessitates mycological confirmation.
Onychoscopy reveals characteristic fringed proximal margins in onychomycosis cases.
Treatment efficacy depends on invasion patterns, fungal species, and affected nail count.

Conclusions:

Accurate diagnosis of onychomycosis relies on mycological examination.
Onychoscopy offers a supplementary diagnostic method.
Combined oral and topical antifungal therapy often yields the best outcomes for onychomycosis.