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Behavior is a product of both the situation (e.g., cultural influences, social roles, and the presence of bystanders) and of the person (e.g., personality characteristics). Subfields of psychology tend to focus on one influence or behavior over others. Situationism is the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings. In contrast, dispositionism holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors (Heider, 1958).
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Updated: Feb 15, 2026

A Patient-Derived Xenograft Model for Venous Malformation
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Malformations attributed to the process of vascular disruption.

Lewis B Holmes1,2,3, Marie-Noel Westgate1,2, Hanah Nasri1,2

  • 1Department of Pediatric Newborn Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.

Birth Defects Research
|January 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Vascular disruption causes birth defects by altering blood flow to developing structures. This study identified specific limb defects and potential causes like misoprostol exposure.

Keywords:
Poland anomalyamniotic band syndromesmisoprostolterminal transverse limb defectstwin-twin transfusion

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Teratology
  • Medical Genetics

Background:

  • Vascular disruption etiology for malformations involves altered blood flow post-structure formation.
  • Reduced blood flow leads to hypoxia, endothelial damage, hemorrhage, tissue loss, and repair, causing abnormalities like syndactyly and constriction rings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review phenotypic features of infants with malformations attributed to vascular disruption.
  • To identify specific causes and patterns of vascular disruption-related defects, including amniotic band syndrome and terminal transverse limb defects (TTLD).

Main Methods:

  • Reviewed phenotypic features of 7,020 infants with malformations born at Brigham and Women's Hospital (1972-2012).
  • Identified phenotypes associated with vascular disruption, such as amniotic band syndrome and TTLD.

Main Results:

  • 105 fetuses/infants had malformations attributed to vascular disruption.
  • Identified specific causes of amniotic band limb deformity and TTLD at various limb levels.
  • Other identified causes included severe hemoglobinopathies and exposures to misoprostol and prenatal procedures.

Conclusions:

  • Malformations from vascular disruption are a distinct entity.
  • Established first-trimester timing for misoprostol and chorionic villus sampling exposures.
  • Identifying developmental steps in vascular disruption without a known cause remains a challenge.