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Related Concept Videos

Electron Orbital Model01:18

Electron Orbital Model

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Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.
The first shell is closest to the nucleus, and it has only one subshell with a single spherical orbital called the...
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5-Number Summary01:04

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In a dataset, the 5-number summary includes the minimum data value, the data value of the first quartile, the median data value or data value of the second quartile, the data value of the third quartile, and the maximum data value. These 5 data values can be visualized as a box and whisker plot.
In a box plot, the minimum and maximum data values represent the lower and upper whiskers in the graph, and the median is designated as the center of the box in the chart. The first quartile and third...
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Electron Carriers01:24

Electron Carriers

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Electron carriers can be thought of as electron shuttles. These compounds can easily accept electrons (i.e., be reduced) or lose them (i.e., be oxidized). They play an essential role in energy production because cellular respiration is contingent on the flow of electrons.
Over the many stages of cellular respiration, glucose breaks down into carbon dioxide and water. Electron carriers pick up electrons lost by glucose in these reactions, temporarily storing and releasing them into the electron...
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Electron Affinity03:07

Electron Affinity

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The electron affinity (EA) is the energy change for adding an electron to a gaseous atom to form an anion (negative ion).
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Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms03:26

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

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The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
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Electron Behavior00:54

Electron Behavior

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Overview
Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that are attracted to an orbit around the positively-charged nucleus of an atom. They reside in locations that are associated with energy levels called shells and are further organized into sub-shells and orbitals within each shell.
Electrons Orbit the Nucleus
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Corrigendum: Building protection- and building shielding-factors for environmental exposure to radionuclides and monoenergetic photon emissions (2016<i>J. Radiol. Prot.</i>36579-615).

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Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Dosimetry for Cell Irradiation using Orthovoltage 40-300 kV X-Ray Facilities
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PERFORMANCE OF THE VARSKIN 5 (v5.3) ELECTRON DOSIMETRY MODEL.

L J Anspach1, D M Hamby1

  • 1School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.

Radiation Protection Dosimetry
|January 30, 2018
PubMed
Summary

A new electron skin dosimetry model enhances VARSKIN 5 accuracy for electron dose calculations. While effective for skin contamination, it shows limitations with cover materials or air gaps.

Area of Science:

  • Medical Physics
  • Radiation Dosimetry

Background:

  • Electron skin dosimetry is crucial for radiation protection.
  • Existing models may have limitations in accuracy for complex scenarios.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a new electron skin dosimetry model for VARSKIN 5.
  • To improve the accuracy of electron energy deposition calculations.

Main Methods:

  • Developed energy deposition kernels using the Monte Carlo code EGSnrc.
  • Scaled electron energy loss based on material properties and physics principles.
  • Compared VARSKIN 5 with the new model against deterministic and Monte Carlo methods.

Main Results:

  • The new model improves accuracy at the end of electron tracks.

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  • VARSKIN 5 results agree within 10% with other methods for sources in contact with skin.
  • VARSKIN 5 struggles with accurate electron energy loss calculations involving cover materials or air gaps.

    • Conclusions:

    • The enhanced VARSKIN 5 model provides accurate electron dose calculations for skin contamination.
    • Further development is needed to address scenarios with intervening materials or air gaps.