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Econometric Views (EViews)01:29

Econometric Views (EViews)

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Econometric Views, often stylized as EViews, is a package that merges statistical analysis with econometric studies. It is designed to provide tools for time series analysis, forecasting, and econometric model simulation. The software originated from MicroTSP software and has evolved significantly since its inception in 1981. The history of EViews is marked by a continuous effort to enhance its computational speed and user interface. It was initially developed for large computing systems but...
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Cranial Bones: Lateral View01:27

Cranial Bones: Lateral View

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The lateral view of the cranium is dominated by temporal, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones.
The temporal bone forms the lower lateral side of the skull. The temporal bone is subdivided into several regions. The flattened upper portion is the squamous portion of the temporal bone. Below this area and projecting anteriorly is the zygomatic process of the temporal bone, which forms the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Posteriorly is the mastoid portion of the temporal bone. Projecting...
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Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition01:24

Revisionist Views of Adolescent and Adult Cognition

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A revisionist approach to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development has brought new insights that challenge and reinterpret his established ideas. Piaget proposed that the formal operational stage, emerging in adolescence, represents the culmination of cognitive maturity. During this stage, individuals are said to develop abstract thinking, engage in systematic problem-solving, and show a form of egocentrism, believing others are as preoccupied with their behavior as they are...
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Electrical Current01:10

Electrical Current

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Electrical current is defined as the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as that used to run a refrigerator, a large amount of charge moves through the wire in a small amount of time. If the current is small, such as that used to operate a handheld calculator, a small amount of charge moves through the circuit over a long period of time. The SI unit for current is the ampere (A), named for the French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836).
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Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View01:14

Cranial Bones: Superior and Posterior View

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The superior view of the cranium shows the frontal and paired parietal bones.
The frontal bone is the single bone that forms the forehead. At its anterior midline, between the eyebrows, there is a slight depression called the glabella. The frontal bone also forms the supraorbital margin of the orbit. Near the middle of this margin is the supraorbital foramen, the opening that provides passage for a sensory nerve to the forehead. The frontal bone is thickened just above each supraorbital margin,...
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Current Density01:21

Current Density

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The total amount of current flowing through one unit value of a cross-sectional area is referred to as current density. If the current flow is uniform, the amount of current flowing through a conductor is the same at all points along the conductor, even if the conductor area varies. The current density consists of the local magnitude and direction of the charge flow, which varies from point to point. Current density is measured in amperes per meter square, and direction is defined as the net...
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Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Laboratory Techniques Used to Maintain and Differentiate Biotypes of Vibrio cholerae Clinical and Environmental Isolates
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Laboratory Techniques Used to Maintain and Differentiate Biotypes of Vibrio cholerae Clinical and Environmental Isolates

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Current views and challenges on clinical cholera.

Charurut Somboonwit1, Lynette J Menezes1, Douglas A Holt1

  • 1Department of Internal Medicine, University of South Florida, Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33606, USA.

Bioinformation
|January 31, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Cholera remains a significant global threat, causing millions of cases and thousands of deaths annually. Prompt treatment and improved water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions are crucial for prevention and control.

Keywords:
CholeraVibrio choleraediarrheaoutbreakvaccine

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Vibrio cholerae: Model Organism to Study Bacterial Pathogenesis - Interview
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Vibrio cholerae: Model Organism to Study Bacterial Pathogenesis - Interview

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Cholera, an acute diarrheal infection caused by Vibrio cholerae, has caused seven pandemics since 1817.
  • The ongoing seventh pandemic, driven by the El Tor biotype, has seen increased outbreaks in vulnerable populations.
  • Globally, cholera affects 2.9 million people annually, resulting in 95,000 deaths, with 1.8 billion at risk due to inadequate water and sanitation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the ongoing threat of cholera and the factors contributing to its spread.
  • To emphasize the importance of early detection and prompt treatment in reducing cholera mortality.
  • To discuss effective interventions for cholera prevention and control.

Main Methods:

  • Review of historical cholera pandemics and current epidemiological data.
  • Analysis of the role of Vibrio cholerae serogroups and biotypes in disease transmission.
  • Evaluation of the impact of water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) interventions and oral vaccines.

Main Results:

  • Early detection and fluid/electrolyte replacement significantly reduce cholera case fatality.
  • Improvements in WASH have decreased transmission in developed and some developing nations.
  • Cholera outbreaks are exacerbated by conflict, famine, and lack of basic infrastructure.

Conclusions:

  • Integrated strategies combining WASH interventions and oral cholera vaccines are effective for prevention.
  • Sustained improvements in water, sanitation, and hygiene are essential to eliminate cholera transmission.
  • Addressing the needs of vulnerable populations is critical in combating the global cholera burden.