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In statistics, several tools are used to interpret the data. Measures of central tendency represent the characteristics of the data, such as mean, median, and mode. Additionally, measures of variance like standard deviation and range are used to find the spread of data from the mean. Relative standing measures the distance between data locations. Commonly used measures of relative standings are percentile, z score, and quartiles.
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Data are individual items of information obtained from a population or sample. Data may be classified as qualitative (categorical), quantitative continuous, or quantitative discrete. Because it is not practical to measure the entire population in a study, researchers use samples to represent the population. A random sample is a representative group from the population chosen by using a method that gives each individual in the population an equal chance of being included in the sample. Random...
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Mid- and Long-Term Health Risks in Living Kidney Donors: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Linda M O'Keeffe1, Anna Ramond2, Clare Oliver-Williams3

  • 1University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom (L.M.O.).

Annals of Internal Medicine
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Living kidney donation is generally safe, with no increased risk for major chronic diseases or psychosocial issues. However, donors face slightly higher risks for end-stage renal disease and preeclampsia, though absolute risks remain low.

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Transplant Surgery
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Long-term health outcomes for adult kidney donors are not well-established.
  • Understanding risks is crucial for informed donor decisions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review evidence on mid- and long-term health risks in adult living kidney donors.
  • To compare health outcomes of kidney donors with nondonor populations.

Main Methods:

  • Searched multiple databases (PubMed, Embase, Scopus, PsycINFO) for observational studies.
  • Included studies with at least 1-year follow-up comparing donors and nondonors.
  • Two independent reviewers extracted data and assessed study quality.

Main Results:

  • 52 studies included 118,426 donors and 117,656 nondonors; average follow-up 1-24 years.
  • No increased risk for mortality, cardiovascular disease, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, or psychosocial issues.
  • Donors had higher diastolic blood pressure, lower eGFR, and increased risk for end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and preeclampsia (in female donors), but absolute risks were low.

Conclusions:

  • Living kidney donation is associated with a low absolute risk of ESRD and preeclampsia.
  • Donors do not face increased risks for other major chronic diseases or adverse psychosocial outcomes compared to nondonors.
  • Further research is needed on generalizability and pregnancy outcomes.