Related Experiment Video
Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Candidate Gene Testing in Clinical Cohort Studies with Multiplexed Genotyping and Mass Spectrometry
Published on: June 21, 2018
The association between ragged or incomplete membranes and postpartum haemorrhage: A retrospective cohort study
Julia Keating1, Malcolm Barnett2, Vanessa Watkins2,3
1Eastern Health Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Background:
The association between an incomplete placenta and postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is well documented; however, the significance of ragged or incomplete membranes has not been explored as an independent risk factor for PPH.
Aims:
To explore the association between the completeness of the amniotic and chorionic membranes and the risk of PPH, independent to placental status.
Materials And Methods:
37 176 birth records were retrospectively extracted from the period 1 July, 2008 to 30 June, 2016 from the databases of two public hospitals in Melbourne, Australia. Following application of specific exclusion and inclusion criteria, including non-complete placentas, 5718 records were available for analysis. These records were grouped based on membrane status (complete, ragged or incomplete) and outcome (PPH or no PPH).
Results:
Primary PPH rates were 14.8% in women with complete membranes, 20.2% in women with ragged membranes and 25.8% in women with incomplete membranes. Following statistical adjustment, the risk ratios for PPH were 1.32 (95% CI: 1.15-1.50) and 1.70 (95% CI: 1.41-2.04) in women with ragged and incomplete membranes, respectively.
Conclusions:
Both ragged and incomplete membranes were found to be independent risk factors for primary PPH. This previously un-discussed association has the potential to influence clinical practice changes, particularly with regard to the ongoing clinical relevance and use of the terms 'ragged' and 'incomplete' membranes.
More Related Videos
03:05Influence of Emotional Factors on the Efficacy of Acupuncture Treatment for Overweight Complicated with Hyperlipidemia: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Published on: November 21, 2025
07:30Using Chronic Social Stress to Model Postpartum Depression in Lactating Rodents
Published on: June 10, 2013
Related Concept Videos
Genome-wide Association Studies-GWAS
GWAS does not require the identification of the target gene involved in...
Incomplete Dominance
Associative Learning
Classical conditioning, also known...
Association Areas of the Cortex
Prefrontal Association Area: This area is located in the frontal lobe and is involved in planning, decision-making, and moderating social behavior. It connects with primary motor areas,...
Somatosensory, Motor, and Association Cortex
Introduction to Membrane Proteins