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Related Concept Videos

Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Behaviors are actions that an organism engages in—they can be related to finding food, reproducing, defending against threats, and many other possible actions. Behaviors include activities related to the environment around the animal—such as migration—as well as social interactions within a species or population. Many behaviors involve motor output—that is, muscle movements—while others involve less visible actions, such as learning.
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Network covalent solids contain a three-dimensional network of covalently bonded atoms as found in the crystal structures of nonmetals like diamond, graphite, silicon, and some covalent compounds, such as silicon dioxide (sand) and silicon carbide (carborundum, the abrasive on sandpaper). Many minerals have networks of covalent bonds.
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Analysis of Targeted Viral Protein Nanoparticles Delivered to HER2+ Tumors
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Macromolecular pHPMA-Based Nanoparticles with Cholesterol for Solid Tumor Targeting: Behavior in HSA Protein

Xiaohan Zhang1, Bart-Jan Niebuur1, Petr Chytil2

  • 1Technische Universität München , Physik-Department, Physik weicher Materie, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.

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Poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-methacrylamide) (pHPMA) nanoparticles loaded with doxorubicin (Dox) show no interaction with human serum albumin (HSA). This confirms their stability for effective drug delivery in cancer treatment.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Amphiphilic poly(N-(2-hydroxypropyl)-methacrylamide) (pHPMA) nanoparticles with cholesterol side groups are investigated as drug carriers for solid tumor treatment.
  • Understanding nanoparticle-protein interactions is crucial for effective in vivo drug delivery.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the behavior of pHPMA-cholesterol nanoparticles in human serum albumin (HSA) solutions.
  • To determine the impact of doxorubicin (Dox) loading on nanoparticle-HSA interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) was used to characterize nanoparticle structure.
  • Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) quantified binding interactions.
  • Nanoparticles were studied with and without doxorubicin (Dox) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) with varying HSA concentrations.

Main Results:

  • In the absence of doxorubicin, a small amount of HSA molecules interacted with the nanoparticle core's cholesterol groups.
  • HSA binding was hindered when doxorubicin was present and distributed within the pHPMA shell.
  • These findings indicate that doxorubicin loading significantly reduces HSA interaction with the nanoparticles.

Conclusions:

  • Doxorubicin-loaded pHPMA-cholesterol nanoparticles exhibit minimal interaction with human serum albumin.
  • This lack of interaction suggests that HSA will not affect the in vivo delivery of doxorubicin.
  • The nanoparticles are promising carriers for doxorubicin delivery in solid tumor treatment.