High-Throughput Analysis for Artemisinins with Deep Eutectic Solvents Mechanochemical Extraction and Direct Analysis...

A fast, simple, efficient, and high-throughput analytical protocol using deep eutectic solvents (DES) for mechanochemical extraction (MCE) combined with direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry (DART-MS) was developed to quantify heat-labile bioactive compounds artemisinin (AN), arteannuin B, and artemisinic acid from Aretemisia annua. MCE is performed at room temperature, and target analytes are released into DESs within seconds; this method demonstrated multiple advantages over traditional extraction methods and organic solvents. DART-MS was then used for the structure confirmation and quantification for the three artemisinin major components extracted from plants of five locations. Liquid chromatography (LC) measurements were performed as well for results verification and comparison, and the amounts obtained were consistent between the two techniques. DART-MS showed advantages in simplicity, low limit of detection (5-15 ng mL^-1), and superior speed (10-20 s), but with slightly higher relative standard deviation (0.7-10.8%). The entire protocol can be accomplished in a few minutes from raw materials to quantitative results. This study aims to establish a methodology combining high-efficiency sample pretreatment and rapid chemical analysis from complex matrixes, where the time-consuming separation procedure can be eliminated. Additionally, the use of toxic organic solvents needed in the process of chemical extraction and analysis is largely avoided. In general, this investigation provides a robust analytical procedure that can be widely used in many areas of research and industrial activities.