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Updated: Feb 15, 2026
Controlled Cortical Impact Model for Traumatic Brain Injury
Published on: August 5, 2014
Prognostic factors in childhood-acquired brain injury
Sharon Shaklai1,2, Relly Peretz Fish1, M Simantov3
1a Department of Pediatric Rehabilitation , Loewenstein Rehabilitation Hospital , Ra'anana , Israel.
Insights
Children with traumatic brain injury (TBI) had better long-term outcomes than those with anoxic brain injury (AnBI). Longer unconsciousness predicts poorer prognosis in pediatric brain injury survivors.
Area of Science:
- Pediatric neurology
- Neurorehabilitation
- Child neurology
Background:
- Comparing long-term outcomes in children with anoxic brain injury (AnBI) and traumatic brain injury (TBI).
- Identifying prognostic factors for childhood brain injury survivors.
Purpose of the Study:
- To compare functional outcomes in children with AnBI versus TBI.
- To identify key factors influencing long-term prognosis after pediatric brain injury.
Main Methods:
- Prospective historical cohort study in two phases.
- Phase 1: Moderate-to-severe TBI patients.
- Phase 2: AnBI patients, with comparative analysis of functional outcomes and prognostic indicators.
Main Results:
- Vegetative state (VS) was more common on admission in AnBI (2x).
- Higher independence in ADL and mobility observed in TBI survivors (90% vs 60%).
- Better return to school/employment in TBI (61%) vs AnBI (48.1%); VS, LOC duration, and FIM scores predicted outcome.
Conclusions:
- Longer duration of unconsciousness is a primary negative prognostic factor for pediatric brain injury.
- Anoxic brain injury, often linked to prolonged unconsciousness, is associated with less favorable long-term outcomes compared to TBI.
Background:
A long-term follow-up study comparing children after anoxic brain injury (AnBI) with those after traumatic brain injury (TBI) was conducted, and prognostic factors were mapped.
Methods:
A prospective historical study following long-term functional outcome after childhood brain injury was conducted in two phases. The first phase included patients suffering from moderate-severe TBI. The second phase assessed children after AnBI, and the results were compared. Functional outcome was recorded and factors influencing prognosis were outlined.
Results:
On admission vegetative state (VS) was twice as prevalent in the AnBI subgroup. Approximately 90% of children with TBI and 60% of patients with AnBI gained independency in activities of daily living (ADL) and mobility. Long-term positive outcome, i.e., return to school and open-market employment, were higher in patients with TBI when compared with AnBI (61% and 48.1%, respectively). Significant outcome-predicting factors were VS at admission to rehabilitation, length of loss of consciousness (LOC) up to 11 days and functional independence measure (FIM) score at admission and discharge. Aetiology was not found to be a predicting factor.
Conclusions:
Duration of unconsciousness is the main long-term negative prognostic outcome factor. Anoxic brain damage, associated with longer periods of unconsciousness also heralds a less favourable outcome.
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