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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:12

Diffusion

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Diffusion is the passive movement of substances down their concentration gradients—requiring no expenditure of cellular energy. Substances, such as molecules or ions, diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration in the cytosol or across membranes. Eventually, the concentration will even out, with the substance moving randomly but causing no net change in concentration. Such a state is called dynamic equilibrium, which is essential for maintaining overall...
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Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

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Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

23.3K
Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

21.6K
The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

20.4K
Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
20.4K
Properties of Transition Metals02:58

Properties of Transition Metals

30.1K
Transition metals are defined as those elements that have partially filled d orbitals. As shown in Figure 1, the d-block elements in groups 3–12 are transition elements. The f-block elements, also called inner transition metals (the lanthanides and actinides), also meet this criterion because the d orbital is partially occupied before the f orbitals.
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Temperature-Controlled Assembly and Characterization of a Droplet Interface Bilayer
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Dynamical Transitions and Diffusion Mechanism in DODAB Bilayer.

P S Dubey1, H Srinivasan1, V K Sharma1

  • 1Solid State Physics Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai, 400085, India.

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|February 1, 2018
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Summary

Dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB) bilayers exhibit distinct dynamical features across coagel, gel, and fluid phases. Neutron scattering reveals localized motion in coagel, and both lateral and internal motions in gel and fluid phases, with slower lateral diffusion in the gel state.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biophysics
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB) is a cationic surfactant forming bilayers with potential in drug delivery and DNA transfection.
  • Understanding DODAB bilayer phase behavior and dynamics is crucial for optimizing its applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamical features of DODAB bilayers in their coagel, gel, and fluid phases.
  • To elucidate the molecular motions governing phase transitions in DODAB systems.

Main Methods:

  • Neutron scattering techniques, including elastic intensity scans and quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS).
  • Calorimetric studies for phase transition identification.
  • Molecular dynamics simulations for complementary molecular insights.

Main Results:

  • Dynamical transitions observed at 327 K (heating) and 311 K, 299 K (cooling), correlating with calorimetric phase transitions.
  • Coagel phase shows only localized internal motion.
  • Gel and fluid phases exhibit both lateral monomer diffusion and faster localized internal motion.
  • Lateral diffusion is approximately ten times slower in the gel phase compared to the fluid phase.

Conclusions:

  • Neutron scattering and simulations reveal distinct molecular dynamics across DODAB phases.
  • The study provides a comprehensive understanding of DODAB bilayer dynamics and phase transitions.
  • Findings support DODAB's potential in advanced applications requiring controlled molecular mobility.