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The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
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A difference amplifier, a crucial component in numerous electronic devices, ideally amplifies only the difference-mode signal, which is the difference between two input signals. However, in practical circuits, the output voltage depends on both the differential gain and the common-mode gain.
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Equivalent Circuits for Practical Transformers01:28

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The practical equivalent circuits of single-phase two-winding transformers exhibit significant deviations from their idealized versions due to the inherent properties of winding resistance and finite core permeability. These properties result in real and reactive power losses, affecting the transformer's performance. Understanding these deviations is crucial for designing more efficient transformers.
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Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Culture of Bladder Cancer Organoids as Precision Medicine Tools
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Culture of Bladder Cancer Organoids as Precision Medicine Tools

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A practical guide to bladder cancer pathology.

Eva Compérat1, Justine Varinot1, Julien Moroch1

  • 1Service d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Hôpital Tenon, HUEP, 4 rue de la Chine, 75020 Paris, UPMC Paris VI, Sorbonne Universities, France.

Nature Reviews. Urology
|February 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pathological assessment of bladder cancer is complex due to molecular data. Collaboration and standardized reporting are crucial for improved urothelial carcinoma patient management and outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Uropathology
  • Oncology
  • Molecular Pathology

Background:

  • Bladder cancer pathology is increasingly complex, influenced by molecular data and histological subtypes.
  • Understanding these factors is vital for predicting neoadjuvant chemotherapy outcomes.
  • Close collaboration between urologists and pathologists is essential for optimal patient care.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review advances in bladder cancer pathological assessment and reporting.
  • To highlight the need for standardized reporting of urothelial lesions.
  • To identify unresolved issues in bladder cancer pathology and molecular integration.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent advancements in bladder cancer grading and staging.
  • Discussion of International Collaboration on Cancer Reporting (ICCR) guidelines.
  • Analysis of challenges in reporting heterogeneous lesions and molecular data.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress has been made in assessing and reporting bladder cancer grading and staging, including pT1 urothelial carcinomas.
  • International expert groups have proposed worldwide reporting standards for urothelial lesions.
  • Several challenges persist, including reporting heterogeneous lesions, substaging, and lymphadenectomy specimens.

Conclusions:

  • Standardized reporting and pathologist-urologist collaboration are advancing bladder cancer management.
  • Further consensus is needed on integrating molecular data into routine pathological assessment.
  • Addressing current reporting challenges will improve diagnostic accuracy and patient outcomes.