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Related Concept Videos

Ionic Radii03:10

Ionic Radii

33.9K
Ionic radius is the measure used to describe the size of an ion. A cation always has fewer electrons and the same number of protons as the parent atom; it is smaller than the atom from which it is derived. For example, the covalent radius of an aluminum atom (1s22s22p63s23p1) is 118 pm, whereas the ionic radius of an Al3+ (1s22s22p6) is 68 pm. As electrons are removed from the outer valence shell, the remaining core electrons occupying smaller shells experience a greater effective nuclear...
33.9K
Ionic Bonds00:42

Ionic Bonds

132.5K
Overview
When atoms gain or lose electrons to achieve a more stable electron configuration they form ions. Ionic bonds are electrostatic attractions between ions with opposite charges. Ionic compounds are rigid and brittle when solid and may dissociate into their constituent ions in water. Covalent compounds, by contrast, remain intact unless a chemical reaction breaks them.
Opposing Charges Hold Ions Together in Ionic Compounds
Ionic bonds are reversible electrostatic interactions between ions...
132.5K
Molecular and Ionic Solids02:54

Molecular and Ionic Solids

20.3K
Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
Molecular Solids
Molecular crystalline solids, such as ice, sucrose (table sugar), and iodine, are solids that are composed of neutral molecules as their constituent units. These molecules are held together by weak intermolecular forces such as London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, or hydrogen bonds, which...
20.3K
Solubility of Ionic Compounds02:55

Solubility of Ionic Compounds

68.4K
Solubility is the measure of the maximum amount of solute that can be dissolved in a given quantity of solvent at a given temperature and pressure. Solubility is usually measured in molarity (M) or moles per liter (mol/L). A compound is termed soluble if it dissolves in water.
68.4K
Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

18.0K
Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
18.0K
Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature03:34

Ionic Compounds: Formulas and Nomenclature

88.2K
An element composed of atoms that readily lose electrons (a metal) can react with an element composed of atoms that readily gain electrons (a nonmetal) to produce ions through complete electron transfer. The compound formed by this transfer is stabilized by the electrostatic attractions (ionic bonds) between the oppositely charged ions.
88.2K

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Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles
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Assembly and Characterization of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles

Published on: March 2, 2020

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Ionic Conductivity of Polyelectrolyte Hydrogels.

Chen-Jung Lee1, Haiyan Wu1, Yang Hu2

  • 1Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Akron , Akron, Ohio 44325, United States.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|February 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Zwitterionic hydrogels exhibit superior ionic conductivity compared to nonionic, cationic, and anionic polymers, especially in high salt solutions. This finding guides the selection of advanced polyelectrolytes for applications like bioelectronics and batteries.

Keywords:
anioniccationichydrogelionic conductivitypolyelectrolytezwitterionic

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Science
  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Polyelectrolytes are crucial in biological systems and synthetic applications, with ionic conductivity enabled by their porous structures.
  • Zwitterionic polymers are of great interest for ion transport applications, but the influence of their side chain functional groups on ion transport and swelling remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how the functional groups of zwitterionic polymer side chains impact their ion transport and swelling properties.
  • To compare the ionic conductivity of synthesized zwitterionic hydrogels with cationic, anionic, and nonionic hydrogels.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of zwitterionic hydrogels: poly(carboxybetaine acrylamide), poly(2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine), and poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate).
  • Comparative study of ionic conductivity across different hydrogel types (zwitterionic, cationic, anionic, nonionic) in various saline solutions.
  • Analysis of water content and swelling behavior in response to varying salt concentrations.

Main Results:

  • Zwitterionic hydrogels demonstrated significantly higher ionic conductivity than nonionic poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate hydrogels across all tested solutions.
  • While cationic and anionic hydrogels showed high conductivity in low salt due to counterions, zwitterionic hydrogels outperformed them in high salt concentrations.
  • Cationic and anionic hydrogels had higher water content in deionized water, but cationic hydrogels exhibited significant shrinkage in saline solutions.

Conclusions:

  • The side chain chemistry of polyelectrolytes profoundly influences their ion transport and swelling characteristics.
  • Zwitterionic hydrogels offer a promising alternative for applications requiring high ionic conductivity, particularly in diverse saline environments.
  • This research provides valuable insights for selecting optimal polyelectrolytes for advanced applications such as bioelectronics, neural implants, and batteries.