Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

General Structure of a Vertebra01:30

General Structure of a Vertebra

7.1K
A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous...
7.1K
What are Estimates?01:06

What are Estimates?

8.9K
It isn't easy to measure a parameter such as the mean height or the mean weight of a population. So, we draw samples from the population and calculate the mean height or mean weight of the individuals in the sample. This sample data acts as a representative measure of the population parameter. These sample statistics are known as estimates. 
The estimate for the mean of a sample is denoted by ͞x, whereas the mean of the population is designated as μ. Further, parameters such...
8.9K
Aging01:26

Aging

844
Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
Cellular Clock Theory
The cellular clock theory posits that the human lifespan is closely tied to the finite capacity of cells to divide, a phenomenon governed by telomeres, which are protective caps at the ends of...
844
Estimation of k and VD of Aminoglycosides01:20

Estimation of k and VD of Aminoglycosides

254
Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics used to treat various bacterial infections. Clinicians must determine the elimination rate constant (k) and volume of distribution (VD) to optimize therapeutic efficacy and minimize toxicity. The k value represents the rate at which the drug is removed from the body, and the VD reflects the degree to which the drug distributes into body tissues. Accurately estimating these parameters allows healthcare professionals to tailor drug dosing to individual...
254
The Effect of Aging on Tissues01:19

The Effect of Aging on Tissues

3.7K
Several body functions deteriorate with age. The external signs of aging are easily identifiable. For example, the skin becomes dry, less elastic, and thins out, forming wrinkles. The skin of the face begins to appear looser due to a decrease in the levels of elastic and collagen fibers in the connective tissue. Additionally, melanin production in the hair follicle decreases with age, resulting in gray hair. Moreover, the senses of sight and hearing decline, so glasses and hearing aids may...
3.7K
Estimation of the Physical Quantities01:05

Estimation of the Physical Quantities

8.1K
On many occasions, physicists, other scientists, and engineers need to make estimates of a particular quantity. These are sometimes referred to as guesstimates, order-of-magnitude approximations, back-of-the-envelope calculations, or Fermi calculations. The physicist Enrico Fermi was famous for his ability to estimate various kinds of data with surprising precision. Estimating does not mean guessing a number or a formula at random. Instead, estimation means using prior experience and sound...
8.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Live-cell imaging reveals decreased cAMP in a PFE-associated c.1050-3C>G PTH1R cell model.

Journal of molecular medicine (Berlin, Germany)·2026
Same author

Which of the nine facial profiles according to AM Schwarz is the most (un)attractive?

Journal of orofacial orthopedics = Fortschritte der Kieferorthopadie : Organ/official journal Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Kieferorthopadie·2025
Same author

Long-term health sequelae and quality of life at least 6 months after infection with SARS-CoV-2: design and rationale of the COVIDOM-study as part of the NAPKON population-based cohort platform (POP).

Infection·2021
Same author

[Assessment of subjective physical well-being in heart failure : Validation of the FEW16 questionnaire].

Herz·2016
Same author

Reverse epidemiology in different stages of heart failure.

International journal of cardiology·2015
Same author

Three-dimensional analysis of cranial growth from 6 to 12 months of age.

European journal of orthodontics·2014

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Controlled Cervical Laceration Injury in Mice
07:28

Controlled Cervical Laceration Injury in Mice

Published on: May 9, 2013

17.2K

Are cervical vertebrae suitable for age estimation?

B Gelbrich1, M Fischer2, A Stellzig-Eisenhauer3

  • 1University Hospital of Leipzig (Germany), Department of Orthodontics.

The Journal of Forensic Odonto-Stomatology
|February 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Forensic age estimation using cervical vertebrae (CV) is unreliable due to significant shape variations in adult CV. These geometric differences make it difficult to distinguish adult vertebrae from those of children, limiting their forensic utility.

More Related Videos

3D Printing Model of a Patient's Specific Lumbar Vertebra
07:30

3D Printing Model of a Patient's Specific Lumbar Vertebra

Published on: April 14, 2023

2.6K
Author Spotlight: Enhancing Small Animal Bone Compression Testing for Research
07:52

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Small Animal Bone Compression Testing for Research

Published on: December 1, 2023

2.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Controlled Cervical Laceration Injury in Mice
07:28

Controlled Cervical Laceration Injury in Mice

Published on: May 9, 2013

17.2K
3D Printing Model of a Patient's Specific Lumbar Vertebra
07:30

3D Printing Model of a Patient's Specific Lumbar Vertebra

Published on: April 14, 2023

2.6K
Author Spotlight: Enhancing Small Animal Bone Compression Testing for Research
07:52

Author Spotlight: Enhancing Small Animal Bone Compression Testing for Research

Published on: December 1, 2023

2.3K

Area of Science:

  • Forensic Anthropology
  • Osteology
  • Radiology

Background:

  • Cervical vertebrae (CV) staging for forensic age estimation remains controversial.
  • High variability in adult CV geometries may hinder accuracy compared to hand or third molar methods.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the geometric characteristics of adult cervical vertebrae.
  • To determine if adult CV exhibit a "typical" appearance for forensic age assessment.

Main Methods:

  • Lateral cephalograms of 320 adults (≥20 years) and 100 children (8-10 years) were analyzed.
  • Specific metric measurements of C2, C3, and C4 vertebrae were assessed, including shape, height-width ratios, and inferior margin concavities.

Main Results:

  • Adult CV frequently deviate from established developmental criteria (e.g., shape, height-width ratios, concavities).
  • Only 24% of adults met all criteria for advanced CV development.
  • Significant overlap exists in CV geometric measures between adults and children.

Conclusions:

  • Adult cervical vertebrae display substantial biological shape variance, challenging the definition of a "typical" appearance.
  • CV geometry does not reliably differentiate adults from children, potentially explaining their limited forensic age estimation value.