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Related Concept Videos

Common Leveling Mistakes and Errors01:17

Common Leveling Mistakes and Errors

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A survey team is tasked with determining the elevation difference between points Point A and Point B, separated by uneven terrain. They use a leveling instrument and a leveling rod.Common MistakesMisreading the Rod: During a backsight reading at Point A, the instrumentman observes the rod partially obscured by tall grass. Instead of reading 1.135 m, they mistakenly record 1.735 m due to the misalignment of the crosshair with the wrong graduation. This error adds 0.600 m to all subsequent...
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Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Dried Blood and Serum Spots As A Useful Tool for Sample Storage to Evaluate Cancer Biomarkers
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The Effects of Long-term Storage on Commonly Measured Serum Analyte Levels.

Cynthia Kleeberger, David Shore, Elaine Gunter

    Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)
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    Summary

    Long-term storage of biospecimens can alter analyte levels. While some analytes changed significantly, correlations remained high, suggesting banked samples are still valuable for cohort studies.

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    Area of Science:

    • Biochemistry
    • Epidemiology
    • Laboratory Medicine

    Background:

    • Biospecimens are often stored for years in cohort studies before analysis.
    • The stability of analytes over long-term storage is frequently unknown.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To assess the impact of long-term frozen storage on serum analyte concentrations.
    • To determine if analyte degradation affects the reliability of cohort study findings.

    Main Methods:

    • Control serum samples from 22 participants were stored for 6 years.
    • 21 analytes were measured at baseline and after 6 years.
    • Paired differences and correlations between baseline and stored samples were calculated.

    Main Results:

    • Eight analytes significantly decreased in concentration after 6 years of storage.
    • Two analytes, lactate dehydrogenase and sex hormone binding globulin, increased over time.
    • Despite changes, correlations between baseline and stored samples were high for most analytes.

    Conclusions:

    • Long-term frozen storage can cause systematic changes in certain serum analytes.
    • High correlations between baseline and stored samples suggest continued utility of banked biospecimens.
    • Quality control experiments are crucial for planning studies with banked samples.