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Related Concept Videos

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

2.9K
The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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[3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of Allyl Vinyl Ethers: Claisen Rearrangement01:24

[3,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangement of Allyl Vinyl Ethers: Claisen Rearrangement

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The Claisen rearrangement is a [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement of allyl vinyl ethers to unsaturated carbonyl compounds. The rearrangement is a concerted pericyclic reaction proceeding via a chair-like transition state.
2.9K
What is an Electrochemical Gradient?01:26

What is an Electrochemical Gradient?

128.7K
Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is considered the primary energy source in cells. However, energy can also be stored in the electrochemical gradient of an ion across the plasma membrane, which is determined by two factors: its chemical and electrical gradients.
The chemical gradient relies on differences in the abundance of a substance on the outside versus the inside of a cell and flows from areas of high to low ion concentration. In contrast, the electrical gradient revolves around an...
128.7K
Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis02:29

Ethers from Alcohols: Alcohol Dehydration and Williamson Ether Synthesis

13.0K
Overview
Ethers can be prepared from organic compounds by various methods. Some of them are discussed below,
Preparation of Ethers by Alcohol Dehydration
In this method, in the presence of protic acids, alcohol dehydrates to produce alkenes and ethers under different conditions. For example, in the presence of sulphuric acid, dehydration of ethanol at 413 K yields ethoxyethane, whereas it yields ethene at 443 K.
13.0K
Crown Ethers02:36

Crown Ethers

6.1K
Crown ethers are cyclic polyethers that contain multiple oxygen atoms, usually arranged in a regular pattern. The first crown ether was synthesized by Charles Pederson while working at DuPont in 1967. For this work, Pedersen was co-awarded the 1987 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Crown ethers are named using the formula x-crown-y, where x is the total number of atoms in the ring and y is the number of ether oxygen atoms. The term 'crown' refers to the crown-like shape that these ether molecules...
6.1K
Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers02:28

Structure and Nomenclature of Ethers

14.9K
Structure and Bonding
Ethers are organic compounds with an ether functional group which is characterized by an oxygen atom connected to two — identical or different — alkyl, aryl, or vinyl groups. The C–O–C linkage in dimethyl ether — the simplest ether — has an approximately tetrahedral bond angle of 110.3 degrees. The oxygen atom is sp3- hybridized, with the C–O distance being about 140 pm.
Classification of Ethers
Based on their attached substituent...
14.9K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst
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Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Functionalized Vinyl Monomers Using Perylene as a Visible Light Photocatalyst

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Electrochemically Controlled Cationic Polymerization of Vinyl Ethers.

Brian M Peterson1, Song Lin1, Brett P Fors1

  • 1Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.

Journal of the American Chemical Society
|February 1, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers achieved temporal control over cationic polymerization using electrochemistry. This method regulates polymer growth, molecular weight, and dispersity, enabling block copolymer synthesis.

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Area of Science:

  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Precise control over polymer initiation, propagation, and termination is crucial for creating advanced materials.
  • While electrochemical control is established for radical polymerizations, it has not been achieved for cationic polymerizations.
  • Existing methods for polymer synthesis often lack fine-tuned control over chain growth dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for achieving temporal control over cationic polymerization using electrochemical techniques.
  • To demonstrate the ability to regulate polymer molecular weight and dispersity through electrochemical means.
  • To enable the synthesis of complex polymer architectures, such as block copolymers, via controlled cationic polymerization.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing an electrochemical mediator to reversibly oxidize the polymer chain end.
  • Employing a stable organic nitroxyl radical as both a mediator and chain transfer agent.
  • Applying an oxidizing current to control the polymerization process.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated temporal control over polymer chain growth in cationic polymerization.
  • Achieved control over polymer molecular weight and dispersity.
  • Confirmed excellent chain end fidelity, facilitating the synthesis of block copolymers.

Conclusions:

  • Electrochemical control of cationic polymerization is now feasible through mediator-assisted chain end oxidation.
  • This technique offers a new pathway for precise synthesis of polymers with controlled architectures.
  • The ability to synthesize block copolymers opens avenues for developing novel advanced materials.