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Related Concept Videos

Specific Heat01:16

Specific Heat

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The specific heat capacity of a substance refers to the energy required to increase the temperature of one gram of that substance by one degree Celcius. Specific heat capacity is often represented in calories (cal), grams (g), and degrees Celsius (oC), but can also be expressed in joules (J), kilograms (kg), and Kelvin (K), among other units.
For example, increasing the temperature of one gram of water by 1°C requires one calorie of heat energy and can be written as 1 cal/g-°C, or...
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Dual Nature of Electromagnetic (EM) Radiation01:10

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Electromagnetic (EM) radiation consists of electric and magnetic field components oscillating in planes perpendicular to each other and mutually perpendicular to radiation propagation through space. EM radiation can be classified as a wave, characterized by the properties of waves such as wavelength (denoted as λ) and frequency (represented by ν).
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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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Density, Specific Weight, Specific Gravity and Compressibility of Fluid01:27

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Density, specific weight, specific gravity, and compressibility are fundamental properties of fluids. Density is the mass per unit volume, characterizing the mass of a fluid system. It influences buoyancy, pressure, flow dynamics, viscosity, thermal conductivity, and sound propagation. For instance, in pipeline design, accurate density measurements ensure that the pipeline can handle the fluid's mass.
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Cell Specific Gene Expression01:58

Cell Specific Gene Expression

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Feb 15, 2026

Selection of Transporter-Targeted Inhibitory Nanobodies by Solid-Supported-Membrane SSM-Based Electrophysiology
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Selection of Transporter-Targeted Inhibitory Nanobodies by Solid-Supported-Membrane SSM-Based Electrophysiology

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Nanobody Based Dual Specific CARs.

Stijn De Munter1, Joline Ingels2, Glenn Goetgeluk3

  • 1Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium. stijn.demunter@ugent.be.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|February 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Bispecific nanobody CAR (nanoCAR) T cell therapy targets multiple antigens, overcoming antigen-negative relapse in B cell malignancies. This approach enhances T cell activation and tumor cell lysis for improved cancer treatment.

Keywords:
CAR T cellantigen escapenanobody

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Adoptive chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy shows promise for B cell leukemias and lymphomas.
  • Relapse can occur due to antigen-negative leukemic cell escape when targeting a single antigen.
  • Broadening CAR specificity is a strategy to overcome antigen escape variants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a bispecific CAR utilizing nanobodies (nanoCAR) for dual antigen targeting.
  • To assess the efficacy of nanoCARs in T cell activation and tumor cell lysis against dual-antigen expressing cells.

Main Methods:

  • Construction of a bispecific CAR replacing single-chain variable fragments (scFv) with tandem nanobodies (nanoCAR).
  • Retroviral transduction of T cells to achieve high membrane nanoCAR expression.
  • Evaluation of nanoCAR-mediated T cell activation, cytokine production, and tumor lysis using antigen-expressing Jurkat cells.

Main Results:

  • High membrane expression levels of nanoCARs were observed in transduced T cells.
  • NanoCARs targeting CD20 and HER2 induced T cell activation, cytokine release, and tumor lysis.
  • The nanoCAR system demonstrated efficacy against cells expressing one or both target antigens.

Conclusions:

  • Nanobody-based CARs (nanoCARs) offer a compact and effective platform for dual-antigen targeting.
  • This bispecific nanoCAR strategy can potentially overcome antigen escape and improve CAR T cell therapy outcomes.
  • Nanobody technology enables the development of CARs with dual specificity and controlled affinity for enhanced cancer immunotherapy.