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Drug Delivery: Overview01:16

Drug Delivery: Overview

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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
Enteral delivery involves administering drugs directly through swallowing, sublingual placement, or buccal application. Orally administered drugs predominantly navigate the...
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Epidermal stem cells (EpiSCs) are mainly located at the basal layer of the epidermis. These cells repair minor injuries of the skin and replace dead skin cells. However, EpiSCs’ cannot heal severe wounds such as major burns or those from diabetes or hereditary disorders. In such cases, culturing the epidermal stem cells from the patient is possible and has yielded successful treatment options, such as laboratory-grown skin grafts. These grafts are synthesized using a patient’s own...
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Drug Delivery: Enteral Route01:18

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The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.
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Drug Delivery: Parenteral Route01:29

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The parenteral route is a critical method of drug administration. It delivers compounds directly into the systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. This approach is particularly advantageous for drugs that exhibit poor absorption or instability when administered orally.
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Transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) enable the controlled release of drugs across the skin into systemic circulation. They are particularly advantageous for drugs with short half-lives or narrow therapeutic indices, as they maintain consistent plasma concentrations and reduce the risk of subtherapeutic or toxic levels.TDDS are categorized into monolithic, reservoir, and mixed systems. Monolithic systems embed the drug in a polymer matrix, where diffusion governs release. Reservoir systems...
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Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems01:23

Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems

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Ophthalmic drug delivery faces major limitations due to poor absorption across the corneal membrane. This process is primarily driven by diffusion and is influenced by two main factors: the physicochemical properties of the drug and tear drainage. Most ophthalmic drugs, such as pilocarpine, epinephrine, atropine, and local anesthetics, are weak bases. They are typically formulated at an acidic pH to enhance chemical stability. However, this leads to high ionization, reducing their ability to...
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Targeting Drugs to Larval Zebrafish Macrophages by Injecting Drug-Loaded Liposomes
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Liposomes: Clinical Applications and Potential for Image-Guided Drug Delivery.

Narottam Lamichhane1, Thirupandiyur S Udayakumar2, Warren D D'Souza3

  • 1Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA. narottamlamichhane@umm.edu.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|February 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary

Liposomes are versatile drug delivery vehicles that enhance therapeutic efficacy and reduce toxicity. Novel liposomal formulations are in development for improved drug delivery and diagnostic imaging applications.

Keywords:
MRIPETSPECTclinical applicationsimage guidanceliposomesradioisotopes

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Nanomedicine
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Liposomes are widely studied for disease treatment due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability.
  • They enhance drug absorption, prolong half-life, and reduce toxicity.
  • Liposomes can encapsulate both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical applications of liposomal formulations.
  • To explore the potential of liposomes in diagnostic imaging.
  • To highlight advancements in liposomal drug delivery and imaging.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on liposomal formulations.
  • Analysis of liposomes' properties for drug delivery and imaging.
  • Discussion of novel liposomal formulations in preclinical and clinical trials.

Main Results:

  • Liposomes offer improved therapeutic efficacy and reduced side effects.
  • Surface modification allows for targeted drug delivery.
  • Liposomes can be conjugated with probes for diagnostic imaging (PET, SPECT, MRI).

Conclusions:

  • Liposomes are promising candidates for advanced drug delivery systems.
  • Their imaging properties enable precise disease diagnosis and treatment monitoring.
  • Ongoing research focuses on novel liposomal formulations for enhanced therapeutic and diagnostic outcomes.