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Related Concept Videos

Histone Variants at the Centromere02:30

Histone Variants at the Centromere

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Histone variants are the histone proteins with structural and sequence variations. These variants may be regarded as “mutant” forms that replace their canonical histone counterparts in the nucleosomes. Specific post-translational modifications on the histone variants enable further chromatin complexity and regulate tissue-specific gene expression. The most common histone variants are from histone H2A, H2B, and linker histone H1 families. However, several variants of histone H3...
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Each human somatic cell contains 6 billion base-pairs of DNA. Each base-pair is 0.34 nm long, which means that each diploid cell contains a staggering 2 meters of DNA. How is such a long DNA strand packed inside a nucleus measuring only 10 - 20 microns in diameter? 
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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The histone proteins in the nucleosomes are post-translationally modified (PTM) to increase or decrease access to DNA. The commonly observed PTMs are methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination of lysine amino acids in the histone H3 tail region. These histone modifications have specific meaning for the cell. Hence, they are called "histone code". The protein complex involved in histone modification is termed as "reader-writer" complex.
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Apart from the measures of central tendency, distribution, outliers, and the changing characteristics of data with time, an important characteristic of any data set is its variation or spread. In some data sets, the data values are concentrated closely near the mean; in others, the data values are more widely spread out from the mean.
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Generation and Purification of Human INO80 Chromatin Remodeling Complexes and Subcomplexes
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Unexpected conformational variations of the human centromeric chromatin complex.

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  • 1Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.

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|February 2, 2018
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Centromeric chromatin, crucial for cell division, is largely insoluble. New methods reveal structural variations in centromere protein A (CENP-A) complexes, influenced by alpha-satellite DNA sequence differences.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Chromatin Biology

Background:

  • Centromeric chromatin is essential for chromosome segregation.
  • Understanding centromeric chromatin structure is key to cell division.
  • Current methods often fail to capture the full spectrum of centromeric chromatin.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for recovering and analyzing native human centromeric chromatin.
  • To investigate the structural and conformational properties of centromere protein A (CENP-A) containing complexes.
  • To determine the influence of alpha-satellite DNA on centromeric chromatin organization.

Main Methods:

  • Combined salt fractionation with chromatin immunoprecipitation to recover native centromeric chromatin.
  • Utilized CUT&RUN (cleavage under targets and release using nuclease) with salt fractionation for in situ mapping.
  • Analyzed both soluble and insoluble chromatin fractions.

Main Results:

  • Over 85% of human centromeric chromatin is insoluble under standard extraction conditions.
  • Observed significant structural and conformational variations in CENP-A complexes.
  • These variations occurred on different alpha-satellite dimeric units within homogenous arrays.

Conclusions:

  • Slight variations in alpha-satellite DNA sequences dictate the structure and occupancy of associated centromeric chromatin complexes.
  • This finding highlights sequence-specific regulation of centromere structure.
  • Provides a novel approach for studying native centromeric chromatin.