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Related Concept Videos

Sample Size Calculation01:19

Sample Size Calculation

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Knowledge of the sample size is the first requirement to conduct random sampling or an experiment. The sample size is the total number of units, observations, or groups (in some cases) used to get the data to estimate a population parameter. As the name suggests, the sample size is that of the sample drawn from the population and differs from the population size.
The sample size for the given experiment or sampling effort is fundamental to any study design. Sample size decides the number of...
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One-Way ANOVA: Equal Sample Sizes01:15

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One-Way ANOVA can be performed on three or more samples with equal or unequal sample sizes. When one-way ANOVA is performed on two datasets with samples of equal sizes, it can be easily observed that the computed F statistic is highly sensitive to the sample mean.
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One-Way ANOVA: Unequal Sample Sizes01:15

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One-way ANOVA can be performed on three or more samples of unequal sizes. However, calculations get complicated when sample sizes are not always the same. So, while performing ANOVA with unequal samples size, the following equation is used:
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Short-distance Transport of Resources02:12

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Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
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A buffer can prevent a sudden drop or increase in the pH of a solution after the addition of a strong acid or base up to its buffering capacity; however, such addition of a strong acid or base does result in the slight pH change of the solution. The small pH change can be calculated by determining the resulting change in the concentration of buffer components, i.e., a weak acid and its conjugate base or vice versa. The concentrations obtained using these stoichiometric calculations can be used...
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Chemical Equilibria: Systematic Approach to Equilibrium Calculations01:21

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Equilibrium calculations for systems involving multiple equilibria are often complex. For example, to calculate the solubility of a sparingly soluble salt in an aqueous solution in the presence of a common ion, one must consider all the equilibria in this solution. Calculations for these systems can be complicated and tedious, so a systematic approach with a series of steps is often helpful. The process is detailed below.
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Updated: Feb 15, 2026

The 4-vessel Sampling Approach to Integrative Studies of Human Placental Physiology In Vivo
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Sample Size Calculation in Animal Studies Using Resource Equation Approach.

Wan Nor Arifin1, Wan Mohd Zahiruddin2

  • 1Unit of Biostatistics and Research Methodology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia.

The Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences : MJMS
|February 2, 2018
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers can calculate the minimum and maximum number of animals for studies using the resource equation method. This approach reformulates the error degrees of freedom (DF) in analysis of variance (ANOVA) for accurate sample size determination in animal research.

Keywords:
animal researchresearch designsample size

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Research
  • Experimental Design
  • Animal Studies

Background:

  • Animal research is crucial for pre-clinical trial phases.
  • Sample size calculation is vital for study validity.
  • Power analysis is a common method for sample size determination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To guide researchers in determining animal sample sizes.
  • To provide an alternative to power analysis when parameters are unknown.
  • To reformulate error degrees of freedom (DF) formulas for the resource equation approach.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing the resource equation approach for sample size calculation.
  • Reformulating error degrees of freedom (DF) formulas.
  • Applying analysis of variance (ANOVA) principles.

Main Results:

  • Provides a method to calculate minimum and maximum animal numbers.
  • Offers a practical alternative to power analysis.
  • Simplifies sample size estimation when effect size and standard deviation are not assumed.

Conclusions:

  • The reformulated error DF formulas enable precise sample size calculation.
  • The resource equation approach is a valuable tool for animal research planning.
  • This method enhances the efficiency and ethical considerations of animal studies.